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Most new infections in women and girls are believed to involve transmission across mucosal surfaces of the lower reproductive tract, which includes the vagina and ectocervix. Nevertheless, HIV\u2010susceptible target cells are present in both the lower and upper reproductive tract, as are antigen\u2010specific T\u2010cells. Advances in the field of T\u2010cell biology over the past decades have elucidated the differentiation and trafficking of mucosal T\u2010cells, including tissue\u2010resident populations. In addition, recent studies incorporating advances in tissue sampling, immune cell phenotyping and multi\u2010omics technologies have enhanced our understanding of adaptive immune responses to HIV within the reproductive tract. 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