{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:49:13Z","timestamp":1782276553424,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R023182\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R023182\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Most\n                      <jats:italic>Herpes simplex<\/jats:italic>\n                      virus type 2 (HSV\u20102) infection is asymptomatic but increases the risk of HIV acquisition, possibly due to alterations in genital immunology. We examine associations of HSV\u20102 prevalence and incidence with epithelial barrier disruption.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was nested within the longitudinal Maisha Fiti cohort of women who sell sex in Nairobi, Kenya. HSV\u20102 serostatus was assessed by Kalon HSV\u20102 IgG assay. Socio\u2010behavioural characteristics were assessed by questionnaire and analysed by logistic regression. Immune factors (including soluble E\u2010cadherin (sE\u2010cad)) were assayed in cervicovaginal secretions by multiplex immunoassay, log\u2010transformed and analysed through linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 731 HIV\u2010negative participants, 414 (57%) were HSV\u20102 seropositive. These women were older (median age 35\u00a0vs 28 years;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and reported increased intravaginal washing (64\u00a0vs 56%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.027) than those who were HSV\u20102 seronegative. Genital sE\u2010cad levels were similar, and IL\u20106 levels were lower in seropositive participants (1.15\u00a0vs 1.28 pg\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Seroincidence was 10.7\/100 person (95% CI: 7.3, 15.2) years among the 317 initially seronegative participants. Incident infection was associated with older age (31\u00a0vs 28 years,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), increased number of clients (6\u00a0vs 4 clients\/week,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), and bacterial vaginosis (BV) (32\u00a0vs 15%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009). Although women who acquired HSV\u20102 had higher sE\u2010cad and lower MIP\u20103\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      levels, there was no association after controlling for Nugent score.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subclinical epithelial barrier disruption is unlikely to be underpinning HIV acquisition in asymptomatic HSV\u20102 infection. There was no evidence of genital immune predictors of HSV\u20102 acquisition, whereas the vaginal microbiome is important.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:26:51Z","timestamp":1781872011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genital Immune Correlates of Seroprevalent and Seroincident\n                    <i>Herpes Simplex<\/i>\n                    Type 2 Infection Among Women Who Sell Sex in Nairobi, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Suji","family":"Udayakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4767-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erastus","family":"Irungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners For Health and Development in Africa (PHDA)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Muthoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners For Health and Development in Africa (PHDA)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Adhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners For Health and Development in Africa (PHDA)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Huibner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Kungu'u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners For Health and Development in Africa (PHDA)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda","family":"Kabuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners For Health and Development in Africa (PHDA)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hellen","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners For Health and Development in Africa (PHDA)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Maisha Fiti Study Champions","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Ngurukiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners For Health and Development in Africa (PHDA)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen A.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London  Greater London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Seeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London  Greater London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Abramsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London  Greater London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara S.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London  Greater London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners For Health and Development in Africa (PHDA)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1586-4093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupert","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Immunology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(17)30405\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328012b896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101836"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302916"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328354675c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.4.942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375819"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans\u20102022\u2010055458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(12)70066\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(24)00227\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.64.5.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000646"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13674"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201065544\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010021\u201003515\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181f0bafb"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199710163371601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435\u2010200305000\u201000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(09)70003\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.024794"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI152930"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343739"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv017"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.70273","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aji.70273","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.70273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:38:33Z","timestamp":1782275913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aji.70273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aji.70273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.70273","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-7408","1600-0897"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-7408","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0897","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70273"}}