{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:21:57Z","timestamp":1787664117937,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Problems<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancy is a sensitizing event for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, as the fetus, acting as a semi\u2010allograft, expresses maternal and paternal haplotypes in a codominant manner. Consequently, the mother may develop anti\u2010HLA antibodies directed against the paternal haplotype. However, unlike in organ transplantation, this sensitization is not usually associated with fetal rejection in multiparous women, raising a central question in reproductive immunology: How is maternal\u2010fetal tolerance achieved and maintained?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method of Study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines the influence of the HLA system on the immunological mechanisms underlying maternal\u2013fetal tolerance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accumulating evidence suggests that this phenomenon results from a complex network of cellular and molecular interactions. The roles of non\u2010classical HLA molecules, particularly HLA\u2010G, the modulation of NK activity via KIR receptors, and the expansion of regulatory T cells, which contribute to the maintenance of systemic immunological tolerance, are highlighted. In parallel, the relevance of anti\u2010HLA antibodies and polymorphisms in HLA regulatory regions in susceptibility to gestational complications has been investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It considers how insights from reproductive immunology may inform related fields such as transplantation and oncology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1786721536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is the HLA System Really Involved in Implantation, Pregnancy, or Abortion of the Fetus?: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Controversial 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