{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:41:51Z","timestamp":1792604511643,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Problem<\/jats:title>\n Sexual violence compromises women's health and increases susceptibility to pathogens. Yet immunobiological consequences of acute sexual trauma remain incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study among women without HIV, comparing women exposed to forced vaginal penetration in the past 4 days (Acute Cases,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a010), within the past 12\u00a0weeks (Cases,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a010) and never exposed (Controls,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a012). Sixteen immune biomarkers were measured by ELISA in plasma and cervical swabs. Blood CD4 and CD8 T cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Group differences were analyzed using Kruskal\u2010Wallis tests followed by Dunn's test and Bonferroni correction for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test followed by pairwise Fisher's tests with Bonferroni correction for categorical variables.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants were predominantly Black (66%), publicly insured (59%) and less than 30 years of age (29%). Black women were more likely to be Acute Cases and Cases (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02). Cervical fluid from Acute Cases showed significantly elevated inflammatory cytokines, TNF\u2010\u03b1 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.02), IL\u20101\u03b1 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.001) and IL\u20106 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.001); chemokines, IL\u20108 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.05) and MIP\u20103\u03b1\u00a0(\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.001); and antimicrobials, serpinA1 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.001), SLPI (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.035) and elafin (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.001). Plasma biomarkers differed significantly for inflammatory cytokine IL\u20101\u03b1 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.001), acute phase protein CRP (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.03), chemokine MCP\u20101 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.043), antimicrobials SLPI (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.001) and HBD\u20102 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.03) as well as MMP\u20101 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.004) and 9 (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.006). CD4 and CD8 T cell proportions in blood were not significantly different between groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Sexual violence exposure is associated with rapid systemic and mucosal immune dysregulation that may increase susceptibility to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:12:47Z","timestamp":1792602767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Blood and Cervical Immune Biomarkers Associated With HIV Susceptibility Are Compromised Rapidly After Sexual Trauma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Capozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1692-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette M.","family":"Aldous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariel","family":"Jais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaleigh","family":"Connors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Juzumaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Capozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7019-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Gooding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Simmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Leitenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsoon","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine Hatch","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Zumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"DeVore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District of Columbia Forensic Nurse Examiners Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar Washington Hospital Center Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6359-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manya","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0029-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mimi","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010025\u201002144\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.0239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Violence against women: a problem of epidemic proportions. Published online2013 http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/topics\/violence\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025","author":"Huecker M. R.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Violence against women: intimate partner and sexual violence against women https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/329889\/WHO\u2010RHR\u201019.16\u2010eng.pdf. Published2019. Accessed March 31 2020. (Journal Article)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"UN Women \u2013 Headquarters. Violence against Women. Accessed October 27 2025 https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what\u2010we\u2010do\/hiv\u2010and\u2010aids\/violence\u2010against\u2010women."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904\u2010019\u201000435\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2012.0273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TME.0b013e3182439e1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000824"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Understanding the Intersection of Young Age, Mucosal Injury, and HIV Susceptibility","volume":"32","author":"Porter K. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aids Research and Human Retroviruses"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/83747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002779"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20103018(22)00305\u20108"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"84","article-title":"The Intersection of Intimate Partner Violence and HIV: Detection, Disclosure, Discussion, and Implications for Treatment Adherence","volume":"27","author":"Sullivan T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Topics in Antiviral Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"kfflindseyd. HIV Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Women: An Emerging Policy Landscape. KFF. December 2 2019. Accessed May 15 2026 https:\/\/www.kff.org\/affordable\u2010care\u2010act\/hiv\u2010intimate\u2010partner\u2010violence\u2010ipv\u2010and\u2010women\u2010an\u2010emerging\u2010policy\u2010landscape\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"kfflindseyd. The Impact of HIV on Women in the United States. KFF. December 16 2024. Accessed October 27 2025 https:\/\/www.kff.org\/hiv\u2010aids\/the\u2010impact\u2010of\u2010hiv\u2010on\u2010women\u2010in\u2010the\u2010united\u2010states\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"HIV in Women | Statistics Facts & more. ViiV Healthcare. Accessed March 20 2026 https:\/\/viivhealthcare.com\/en\u2010us\/about\u2010hiv\/hiv\u2010in\u2010women\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904\u2010021\u201000546\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2014.0275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20411\/pai.v1i1.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198412"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057221099486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040793"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"R Core Team(2017).R: a Language and Environment for Statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing URLhttps:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/. (Computer Program)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","unstructured":"DRG International Inc. Progesterone ELISA. Accessed October 28 2025 https:\/\/store.drg\u2010international.com\/shop\/progesterone\u2010elisa.asp."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.3c00336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.135.3.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658\u2010199611000\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1295230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.109653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079\u2010022\u201000695\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2022.31.Sup7.S15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916\u2010022\u201002532\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","unstructured":"Sexual Assault and Abuse and STIs\u2014STI Treatment Guidelines. July 14 2021. Accessed September 21 2026 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/treatment\u2010guidelines\/sexual\u2010assault\u2010adults.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102024\u2010018219"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.70336","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/aji.70336","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/aji.70336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:12:50Z","timestamp":1792602770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/aji.70336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/aji.70336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.70336","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-7408","1600-0897"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-7408","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0897","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70336"}}