{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:38:27Z","timestamp":1781350707920,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1081743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1081743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust NZ J Obst Gynaeco"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relative to the oral contraceptive pill, uptake of long\u2010acting reversible contraceptive methods (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LARC<\/jats:styled-content>s) in Australia continues to be lower than might be suggested by the evidence on their clinical and economic benefits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To undertake a critical appraisal of published economic evaluations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LARC<\/jats:styled-content>s to assess the generalisability of their results to the Australian healthcare context.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A search of the literature was conducted to identify studies of economic evaluations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LARC<\/jats:styled-content>s using the Medline, Embase and PubMed databases. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHEERS<\/jats:styled-content>) checklist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1009 citations were screened, from which 20 papers, typically reporting the cost per pregnancy avoided, were reviewed. The overall quality of the studies varied but was generally poor (average score of 62\/100). To aid comparisons, results have been grouped under the headings <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IUS<\/jats:styled-content> (all hormonal intrauterine systems), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IUD<\/jats:styled-content>s (all non\u2010hormonal intrauterine devices), injectables (all contraceptive injections) and implants (all subdermal contraceptive implants). Overall, the results indicated that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LARC<\/jats:styled-content>s were more effective and less costly than oral contraceptives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LARC<\/jats:styled-content>s represent value for money, limitations in study quality and approaches must be taken into account when applying these results to Australia. Differences in healthcare settings aside, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LARC<\/jats:styled-content>s may also have benefits beyond their effect on pregnancy that might be captured in broader analyses, such as cost\u2010benefit analyses using willingness to pay methods. 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