{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:51:34Z","timestamp":1792644694220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust NZ J Obst Gynaeco"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Study Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the aetiology of vaginal bleeding and discharge in prepubescent girls, and the utility of vaginoscopy for making a diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective observational study over 14\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two major tertiary referral paediatric hospitals in Sydney, Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>All prepubescent girls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009104) who presented with vaginal bleeding and\/or discharge and subsequently underwent a vaginoscopy. A total of 120 procedures were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgical findings at vaginoscopy; number needed to investigate (NNI) to establish a diagnosis and to exclude malignancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 52\/120 (43.3%) vaginoscopies which provided a positive diagnosis, including 36\/86 (41.8%) performed for bleeding and 16\/34 (47.0%) for vaginal discharge. In the vaginal bleeding group, the causes found were a foreign body in 11\/86 (12.7%), vulvovaginitis in 6\/86 (6.9%), benign Mullerian papilloma in 5\/86 (5.8%), trauma in 4\/86 (4.6%), and malignant tumours in 2\/86 (2.3%). To establish a diagnosis in girls presenting with vaginal bleeding, the NNI was 2.4; to detect a malignancy the NNI was 43.0. In girls presenting with vaginal discharge, vulvovaginitis was noted intraoperatively in 7\/34 (20.6%) and a foreign body was found in 7\/34 (20.6%). No malignant tumours were identified in the vaginal discharge group. To establish a diagnosis in girls presenting with vaginal discharge, the NNI was 2.1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaginoscopy is an important diagnostic tool in the setting of vaginal bleeding in prepubescent girls, allowing the ability to confirm a diagnosis, and importantly, to exclude malignancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T10:40:51Z","timestamp":1725532851000},"page":"140-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vaginoscopy to investigate vaginal bleeding and discharge in prepubertal girls"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Asha","family":"Short","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine UNSW Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of 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