{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T19:36:12Z","timestamp":1794339372606,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015988","name":"Norman Beischer Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015988","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust NZ J Obst Gynaeco"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Research has linked postcode\u2010level sociodemographic, food and built environment factors to maternal and perinatal outcomes like overweight (BMI\u2009&gt;\u200925\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and large for gestational age (LGA) birthweight. However, little is known about how these factors were influenced by the COVID\u201019 pandemic. We examine how postcode\u2010level indicators and lockdown conditions are associated with the prevalence of maternal overweight, GDM and LGA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed birth records from 12 public maternity hospitals in Melbourne, integrating postcode\u2010level environmental indicators. Spatial regression models assessed associations between these indicators and maternal health outcomes, distinguishing between (a) the COVID\u201019 lockdown and (b) post\u2010lockdown periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 31\u2009083 singleton birth records from 2020 to 2023 across 235 postcodes in Greater Melbourne. The prevalence of maternal overweight, GDM and LGA were 496, 178 and 103 per 1000 births, respectively. Maternal overweight was less prevalent in postcodes with higher median ages and socioeconomic scores, with disparities intensifying during lockdowns. GDM was more common in areas with younger, overseas\u2010born populations, while LGA correlated with higher median age and fewer overseas\u2010born residents. Notably, maternal overweight mediated the effect of socioeconomic status on GDM and LGA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of maternal overweight, GDM and LGA varies significantly across Melbourne, shaped by postcode\u2010level factors. The pandemic lockdown amplified existing health disparities. The food and built\u2010environment factors independently influence maternal and perinatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T02:15:53Z","timestamp":1738548953000},"page":"489-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Geospatial Determinants of Maternal Overweight, Gestational Diabetes and Large for Gestational Age Birthweight in Melbourne During and After\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Lockdowns"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melvin B.","family":"Marzan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women Mercy Health  Heidelberg Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Generation Victoria, Centre for Community Child Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Reproductive Epidemiology Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Rolnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Public Health La Trobe University  Bundoora Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Melbourne School of Population and Global Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6263-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne M.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Department Joan Kirner Women's and Children's Hospital, Western Health  St Albans Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University  Clayton Victoria 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L.","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The Royal Women's Hospital  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2753-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penelope M.","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash Health  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Eastern Health  Box Hill Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolyon","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Peninsula Health  Frankston Victoria 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