{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T03:50:55Z","timestamp":1782100255772,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Australian J Rural Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco smoking is an important preventable cause of death and disease in Australia. Smoking rates are higher in the Northern Territory (NT) among Aboriginal peoples living in remote areas. Understanding smoking\u2010attributable mortality and burden of disease in the NT population is important for building awareness and implementing targeted public health strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the impact of tobacco smoking on mortality and morbidity in the NT Aboriginal and non\u2010Aboriginal populations aged 30\u2009years and above between 2014 and 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NT, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults (&gt;\u200930\u2009years) who were NT residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the NT Burden of Disease study (2014\u20132018) results and Global Burden of Disease methods to estimate smoking\u2010attributable deaths and smoking\u2010attributable burden of disease for the NT Aboriginal and non\u2010Aboriginal populations. The smoking prevalence data were based on 2018\u201319 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heath Survey and 2016 National Drugs Strategy Household Survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking was attributable to 18.3% of the total deaths for NT adults aged 30\u2009years and above with 23.8% in Aboriginal and 13.9% in the non\u2010Aboriginal population. Smoking explained 19.5% and 10.7% of total disability adjusted life years among the NT Aboriginal and non\u2010Aboriginal populations respectively. The top three smoking\u2010attributable burden of diseases for the Aboriginal population were ischaemic heart disease, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the non\u2010Aboriginal population, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and back pain were the leading causes of smoking\u2010attributable burden. Leading causes of smoking\u2010related mortality in the Aboriginal population were ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and diabetes, while in non\u2010Aboriginal population the most common causes were lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, and Alzheimer's disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco smoking was associated with a higher burden of disease among the Aboriginal population than the non\u2010Aboriginal population. Our study quantifies the disproportionate impact of tobacco smoking within the Aboriginal population and the NT as a whole compared to the rest of Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.70155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T04:26:24Z","timestamp":1774412784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tobacco Smoking\u2010Attributable Burden of Disease in the Adult Northern Territory Population, 2014\u201318"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramakrishna","family":"Chondur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Northern Territory  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuejen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Northern Territory  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renu","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Northern Territory  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyson","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Northern Territory  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Northern Territory  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9274-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geetanjali","family":"Lamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Northern Territory  Casuarina Northern Territory Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021: Addressing New and Emerging Products","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2003.005215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132001","volume":"1","author":"Lopez A. D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32380-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: Interactive Data on Risk Factor Burden","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"The National Drug Research Institute","author":"Whetton S.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Northern Territory Economy","author":"Northern Territory Government","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Tobacco Smoking in the NDSHS","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"State and Territory Summaries of Alcohol, Tobacco, E\u2010Cigarette and Other Drug Use","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey: Table\u00a064\u201374 Northern Territory","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Australian Burden of Disease Study 2018: Interactive Data on Risk Factor Burden Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Risk Factors Contributing to Chronic Disease","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"Tackling Indigenous Smoking Resource and Information Centre (TISRIC) \u201cTackling Indigenous Smoking \u201d(2025) https:\/\/tacklingsmoking.org.au\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"Mortality Burden of Disease and Injury in the Northern Territory 1999\u20132018","author":"Zhao Y.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"Morbidity Burden of Disease and Injury in the Northern Territory 2014\u20132018","author":"Zhao Y.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Tobacco in Australia: Facts & Issues","author":"Greenhalgh E. M.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(12)61720\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Australian Coordinating Registry \u201cCause of Death Unit Record File 2004\u201318 \u201d(2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Australian Burden of Disease Study: Impact and Causes of Illness and Death in AUSTRALIA 2018","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, 2018\u201319, TableBuilder\u2014Northern Territory","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","volume-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016: Detailed Findings","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey Methodology","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016\u2014Data Quality Statement","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"539","article-title":"Duration and Intensity When Estimating Smoking\u2010Attributable Mortalit. Development of a New Method Applied to the Case of Lung Cancer in France","volume":"75","author":"Grignon M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Population"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","volume-title":"Burden of Disease and Injury Study: Impact and Causes of Illness, Injury and Death in the Northern Territory 2004\u20132013","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","volume-title":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Relative Risks","author":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.7.508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"K. J.Rothman S.Greenland andT. L.Lash \u201cModern Epidemiology: Wolters Kluwer Health\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia \u201d(2008) https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1477\u20107517\u20108\u201019.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"1987","article-title":"Comparative Quantification of Health Risks","volume":"1","author":"Ezzati M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors Geneva: World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61690-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 18","author":"StataCorp","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp2741733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp2741732"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2021.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.3.3.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-8-37"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","volume-title":"National Tobacco Strategy 2023\u20132030","author":"Australian Government","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","volume-title":"Tracking Indigenous Smoking","author":"Australian Government","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","volume-title":"Northern Territory Tobacco Control Action Committee: 2021 Action Report","author":"Northern Territory Government","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","volume-title":"The Tobacco Control Guide","author":"Aboriginal Health Forum","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91644-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","volume-title":"Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking\u2010Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General","author":"United States. Public Health Service","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","volume-title":"Causes of Death, Australia","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Australian Journal of Rural Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajr.70155","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ajr.70155","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ajr.70155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T03:43:53Z","timestamp":1782099833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ajr.70155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ajr.70155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajr.70155","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1038-5282","1440-1584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1038-5282","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70155"}}