{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T09:03:31Z","timestamp":1792487011494,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,29]],"date-time":"2014-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The relationships between tonsillar immune responses, and viral infection and allergy are incompletely known.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To study intratonsillar\/nasopharyngeal virus detections and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n expressions of\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010cell\u2010 and innate immune response\u2010specific cytokines, transcription factors, and type I\/II\/III interferons in human tonsils.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Palatine tonsil samples were obtained from 143 elective tonsillectomy patients. Adenovirus, bocavirus\u20101, coronavirus, enteroviruses, influenza virus, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were detected using\n PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n . The m\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n expression levels of\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1,\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b2,\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b3,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201010,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201013,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201017,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201028,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201029,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201037,\n TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b2,\n FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3,\n GATA<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3,\n RORC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2, and Tbet were directly analyzed by quantitative\n RT<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty percentage of subjects reported allergy, 59% had \u22651 nasopharyngeal viruses, and 24% had \u22651 intratonsillar viruses. Tonsillar virus detection showed a strong negative association with age; especially rhinovirus or parainfluenza virus detection showed positive association with\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b3 and\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n bet expressions. IL\u201037 expression was positively associated with atopic dermatitis, whereas\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201013,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201028, and Tbet expressions were negatively associated with allergic diseases. Network analyses demonstrated strongly polarized clusters of immune regulatory (\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201010,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201017,\n TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b2,\n FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3,\n GATA<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3,\n RORC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2, Tbet) and antiviral (\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1,\n IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b2,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201028,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201029) genes. These two clusters became more distinctive in the presence of viral infection or allergy. A negative correlation between antiviral cytokines and\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201010,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201017,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201037,\n FOXP<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3, and\n RORC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2 was observed only in the presence of viruses, and interestingly,\n IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201013 strongly correlated with antiviral cytokines.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Tonsillar cytokine expression is closely related to existing viral infections, age, and allergic illnesses and shows distinct clusters between antiviral and immune regulatory genes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,29]],"date-time":"2014-03-29T02:00:52Z","timestamp":1396058452000},"page":"658-667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Distinct regulation of tonsillar immune response in virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Jartti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Turku University Hospital Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Z\u00fcrich Christine K\u00fchne\u2010Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK\u2010CARE) Davos Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Waris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Tastan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering Bilkent University Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Nieminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Turku University Hospital Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Puhakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Turku University Hospital Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Satakunta Central Hospital Pori Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"R\u00fcckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Z\u00fcrich Christine K\u00fchne\u2010Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK\u2010CARE) Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Aab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Z\u00fcrich Christine K\u00fchne\u2010Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK\u2010CARE) Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Vuorinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Allander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Vahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Turku Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Ruuskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Turku University Hospital Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Akdis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Z\u00fcrich Christine K\u00fchne\u2010Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK\u2010CARE) Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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