{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:57:07Z","timestamp":1791284227849,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antivenoms are mammalian immunoglobulins with the ability to neutralize snake venom components and to mitigate the progression of toxic effects. Immediate hypersensitivity to antivenoms often occurs during the first administration of these heterologous antibodies. A comparable clinical situation occurred after introduction of cetuximab, a chimeric mouse\u2013human antibody, for cancer treatment. The carbohydrate epitope galactose\u2010alpha\u20101,3\u2010galactose, located on the Fab region of cetuximab, was identified as the target responsible for IgE reactivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether serum IgE antibodies directed to the \u03b1\u2010gal epitope are associated with hypersensitivity to equine antivenoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antivenoms were screened for \u03b1\u2010gal epitopes via immunoblot and in comparison with cetuximab and pork kidney by IgE reactivity assays. Basophil activation tests were used to investigate reactivity to antivenoms in samples from 20 patients with specific IgE antibodies to \u03b1\u2010gal and 10 controls. Additional IgE detection, IgE inhibition, Immuno\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      inhibition, and skin prick tests were performed using samples from selected patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both antivenoms and cetuximab induced positive skin prick test results in patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sIgE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      to \u03b1\u2010gal. Alpha\u2010gal epitopes were detected by immunoblotting on antivenoms. Measurements of IgE reactivity and Immuno\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CAP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      inhibition indicated that the antivenoms contained lower \u03b1\u2010gal contents than cetuximab. Deglycosylation assays and IgE inhibition tests confirmed that IgE\u2010mediated reactivity to antivenom is associated with \u03b1\u2010gal. Antivenoms, pork kidney, and cetuximab activated basophils from patients with IgE to \u03b1\u2010gal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alpha\u2010gal is a potential target of IgE\u2010mediated reactivity to equine antivenom and a possible cause of the high incidence of hypersensitivity reactions during the first application of equine antivenom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T11:32:51Z","timestamp":1477308771000},"page":"764-771","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Alpha\u2010gal is a possible target of IgE\u2010mediated reactivity to antivenom"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Eberlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9455-5442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Hilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health Esch\u2010sur\u2010Alzette Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Eyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Toxicology Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Eyerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment HMGU\/Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ollert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health Esch\u2010sur\u2010Alzette Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Biedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Munich 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