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It is important to note that due to the complex interaction between patient, allergy triggers, symptomatology and vaccines used for\n AIT<\/jats:styled-content>\n , some patients do not respond optimally to the treatment. Furthermore, there are no validated or generally accepted candidate biomarkers that are predictive of the clinical response to\n AIT<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Clinical management of patients receiving\n AIT<\/jats:styled-content>\n and efficacy in randomised controlled trials for drug development could be enhanced by predictive biomarkers.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n EAACI<\/jats:styled-content>\n taskforce reviewed all candidate biomarkers used in clinical trials of\n AR<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients with\/without asthma in a literature review. Biomarkers were grouped into seven domains: (i) IgE (total IgE, specific IgE and\n sIgE<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/Total IgE ratio), (ii) IgG\u2010subclasses (\n sIgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1,\n sIgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4 including\n SI<\/jats:styled-content>\n gE\/IgG4 ratio), (iii) Serum inhibitory activity for IgE (IgE\u2010\n FAB<\/jats:styled-content>\n and IgE\u2010\n BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), (iv) Basophil activation, (v) Cytokines and Chemokines, (vi) Cellular markers (T regulatory cells, B regulatory cells and dendritic cells) and (vii)\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n biomarkers (including provocation tests?).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n All biomarkers were reviewed in the light of their potential advantages as well as their respective drawbacks. Unmet needs and specific recommendations on all seven domains were addressed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n It is recommended to explore the use of allergen\u2010specific IgG4 as a biomarker for compliance.\n sIgE<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n tIgE<\/jats:styled-content>\n and IgE\u2010FAB are considered as potential surrogate candidate biomarkers. Cytokine\/chemokines and cellular reponses provided insight into the mechanisms of AIT. More studies for confirmation and interpretation of the possible association with the clinical response to AIT are needed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T11:28:55Z","timestamp":1486034935000},"page":"1156-1173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":330,"title":["Biomarkers for monitoring clinical efficacy of allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic asthma: an EAACI Position Paper"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3425-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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