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According to this concept, upper and lower airway diseases are frequently comorbid because they reflect manifestations of a single underlying disease at different sites of the respiratory tract. Allergic asthma\u2010allergic rhinitis is the archetypal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAD<\/jats:styled-content>, but emerging data indicate that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAD<\/jats:styled-content> is a heterogeneous condition and consists of multiple phenotypes (observable clinical characteristics) and endotypes (pathobiologic mechanisms). The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAD<\/jats:styled-content> paradigm also extends to myriad sinonasal diseases (eg, chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps) and lower airway diseases (eg, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Here, we review currently known phenoendotypes of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAD<\/jats:styled-content> and propose a \u201ctreatable traits\u201d approach for the classification and management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAD<\/jats:styled-content>, wherein pathophysiological mechanisms and factors contributing to disease are identified and targeted for treatment. Treatable traits in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAD<\/jats:styled-content> can be analyzed according to a framework comprising airway inflammation (eosinophilic, neutrophilic), impaired airway mucosal defense (impaired mucociliary clearance, antibody deficiency), and exogenous cofactors (allergic sensitizers, tobacco smoke, microbes). Appreciation of treatable traits is necessary in advancing the effort to deliver precise treatments and achieve better outcomes in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UAD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]],"date-time":"2018-06-05T11:31:27Z","timestamp":1528198287000},"page":"1964-1978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Precision medicine in united airways disease: A \u201ctreatable traits\u201d approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0884-2507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. C. 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