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Asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are typical diseases of type 2 immune responses. interleukin (IL)\u201025, IL\u201033, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are essential cytokines of epithelial cells that are activated by allergens, pollutants, viruses, bacteria, and toxins that derive type 2 responses. Th2 cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILC) produce and secrete type 2 cytokines such as IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u20109, and IL\u201013. IL\u20104 and IL\u201013 activate B cells to class\u2010switch to IgE and also play a role in T\u2010cell and eosinophil migration to allergic inflammatory tissues. IL\u201013 contributes to maturation, activation, nitric oxide production and differentiation of epithelia, production of mucus as well as smooth muscle contraction, and extracellular matrix generation. IL\u20104 and IL\u201013 open tight junction barrier and cause barrier leakiness in the skin and lungs. IL\u20105 acts on activation, recruitment, and survival of eosinophils. IL\u20109 contributes to general allergic phenotype by enhancing all of the aspects, such as IgE and eosinophilia. Type 2 ILC contribute to inflammation in AD and asthma by enhancing the activity of Th2 cells, eosinophils, and their cytokines. Currently, five biologics are licensed to suppress type 2 inflammation via IgE, IL\u20105 and its receptor, and IL\u20104 receptor alpha. Some patients with severe atopic disease have little evidence of type 2 hyperactivity and do not respond to biologics which target this pathway. Studies in responder and nonresponder patients demonstrate the complexity of these diseases. In addition, primary immune deficiency diseases related to T\u2010cell maturation, regulatory T\u2010cell development, and T\u2010cell signaling, such as Omenn syndrome, severe combined immune deficiencies, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X\u2010linked syndrome, and DOCK8, STAT3, and CARD11 deficiencies, help in our understanding of the importance and redundancy of various type 2 immune components. The present review aims to highlight recent advances in type 2 immunity and discuss the cellular sources, targets, and roles of type 2 mechanisms in asthma and AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T03:43:08Z","timestamp":1587526988000},"page":"1582-1605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":549,"title":["Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8020-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezmi A.","family":"Akdis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland"},{"name":"Christine K\u00fchne\u2010Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter 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