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A master regulator of Th2\u2010type inflammation, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), is important for basophil activation. TSLP\u2010elicited basophils are a key factor in the pathogenesis of ECRS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to elucidate the mechanisms of ECRS in humans, we aimed to establish a murine model of ECRS based on TSLP production in response to the topical application of MC903 (a vitamin D3 analog) and the subsequent TSLP\u2010induced basophil activation. Histological analyses were performed to assess immune cell infiltration into the nasal mucosa and to explore the impact of eosinophilic inflammation on the olfactory epithelium. The status of Th2\u2010type inflammation was evaluated by quantitative real\u2010time PCR and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eosinophils, basophils, and M2 macrophages increased significantly in the nasal mucosa of the mice treated with MC903 and ovalbumin (OVA), compared to those treated with OVA alone or the controls. Quantitative real\u2010time PCR and ELISA revealed elevated expression of interleukin (IL)\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u201013, TSLP, the chemokine CCL11, and CCL24 in the nasal mucosa of the ECRS mice. In parallel, thinned olfactory epithelium and decreased mature olfactory sensory neurons were observed in the ECRS mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our model of ECRS displayed Th2\u2010type inflammation in the sinonasal region, including both eosinophil infiltration and basophil infiltration. Additionally, olfactory epithelium turned out to be affected by eosinophilic inflammation. These features are consistent with the characteristics of the human ECRS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T15:37:40Z","timestamp":1602776260000},"page":"1432-1442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A murine model of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis using the topical application of a vitamin D3 analog"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4094-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoji","family":"Kagoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Kishimoto\u2010Urata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Kikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Yamasoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"EP3OS 2007: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. 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