{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:12:22Z","timestamp":1792512742259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["35721032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["35721032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK\u2010W1248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK\u2010W1248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 has triggered a pandemic that is now claiming many lives. Several studies have investigated cellular immune responses in COVID\u201019\u2010infected patients during disease but little is known regarding a possible protracted impact of COVID\u201019 on the adaptive and innate immune system in COVID\u201019 convalescent patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used multiparametric flow cytometry to analyze whole peripheral blood samples and determined SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific antibody levels against the S\u2010protein, its RBD\u2010subunit, and viral nucleocapsid in a cohort of COVID\u201019 convalescent patients who had mild disease ~10\u00a0weeks after infection (n\u00a0=\u00a0109) and healthy control subjects (n\u00a0=\u00a098). Furthermore, we correlated immunological changes with clinical and demographic parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Even ten weeks after disease COVID\u201019 convalescent patients had fewer neutrophils, while their cytotoxic CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were activated, reflected as higher HLA\u2010DR and CD38 expression. Multiparametric regression analyses showed that in COVID\u201019\u2010infected patients both CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> effector memory cells were higher, while CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T regulatory cells were lower. In addition, both transitional B cell and plasmablast levels were significantly elevated in COVID\u201019\u2010infected patients. Fever (duration, level) correlated with numbers of central memory CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and anti\u2010S and anti\u2010RBD, but not anti\u2010NC antibody levels. Moreover, a \u201cyoung immunological age\u201d as determined by numbers of CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD45RA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD62L<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD31<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> recent thymic emigrants was associated with a loss of sense of taste and\/or smell.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection leaves protracted beneficial (ie, activation of T cells) and potentially harmful (ie, reduction of neutrophils) imprints in the cellular immune system in addition to induction of specific antibody responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T16:12:17Z","timestamp":1604160737000},"page":"751-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Immunological imprint of COVID\u201019 on human peripheral blood leukocyte populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1091-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Kratzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Trapin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ettel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"K\u00f6rm\u00f6czi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Rottal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Tuppy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Feichter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6724-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Gattinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Borochova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Dorofeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5825-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inna","family":"Tulaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory for Immunopathology Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0665-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Grabmeier\u2010Pfistershammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1784-1602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Tauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Gerdov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"M\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labors.at Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7976-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Perkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Fae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Wenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"F\u00fchrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Consultants Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viravaxx Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5944-3365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf","family":"Valenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory for Immunopathology Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) Moscow Russia"},{"name":"NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia Moscow Russia"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0430-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winfried F.","family":"Pickl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202070035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019) outbreak","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","article-title":"Antibodies in serum of convalescent patients following mild COVID\u201019 do not always prevent virus\u2010receptor binding","author":"Gattinger P","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-09976-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-33012-9_44"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403812101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009637117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02895-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14316"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd7114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102885"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17240-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16847"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-020-02930-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01949"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0409-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201970107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.29-1-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.150.2.246"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.7.3070","article-title":"Circulating HIV\u2010specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells express CD38 and HLA\u2010DR antigens","volume":"150","author":"Ho HN","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199208000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90754-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-194608000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/37.2.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198806000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.456"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(56)90427-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01623.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611244104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2004.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250554"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.1.395"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.3.952","article-title":"Interaction between endothelium and CD4+CD45RA+ lymphocytes. Role of the human CD38 molecule","volume":"153","author":"Dianzani U","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5258.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","volume-title":"Fundamental Immunology","author":"Paul WE","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","article-title":"Detectable serum SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely correlated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL\u20106) level in critically ill COVID\u201019 patients","author":"Chen X","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-153544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC01510J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04591-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0782-6"}],"container-title":["Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/all.14647","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/all.14647","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/all.14647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T10:47:23Z","timestamp":1693651643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/all.14647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/all.14647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.14647","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-4538","1398-9995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-4538","type":"print"},{"value":"1398-9995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}