{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:58:57Z","timestamp":1773867537230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,15]],"date-time":"2021-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tear fluid <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010Glycome from patients affected with vernal (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) was investigated to identify specific changes in tears and to recognize possible glyco\u2010biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analysis of the <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycans was performed using matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry on single tear samples. Tears from control normal subjects (CTRL), VKC and AKC patients were processed and treated with peptide N\u2010glycosidase F (PNGase F) to deglycosylate <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycoproteins. Released <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycans were purified, permethylated, and analyzed by matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption\/ionization\u2010time of flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI\u2010TOF MS and MALDI\u2010TOF MS\/MS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than 150 complex <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycans, including highly fucosylated biantennary, triantennary, tetra\u2010antennary, and bisecting species, were observed in our spectra. Three distinct patterns for CTRL, VKC, and AKC patients were identified in terms of relative intensities for some <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycans structures. Major variations involved bisecting and hyperfucosylated glycoforms.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The most intense ions were associated with species at <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> 1907.0 (asialo, agalacto, bisected, biantennary structure\u2014NGA2B) in CTRL MS profiles, at <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> 2605.3 and 2966.5 in VKC, and at <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> 2792.4 in AKC corresponding to a well\u2010known biantennary, disialylated <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycan. Several peaks were associated with structures bearing one or two Lewis X epitopes. Structures were confirmed by MS\/MS analysis. Quantitative differences among the three groups were statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tear MS profiles are rich in specific glycoforms, particularly those with a high fucosylation degree, indicating both core and peripheral decoration. Tear <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycome analysis provided important information for a better comprehension of VKC and AKC alterations at the molecular level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T15:22:20Z","timestamp":1613316140000},"page":"2500-2509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Tear <i>N<\/i>\u2010glycomics in vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Messina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB) Catania Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Palmigiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per i 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