{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T08:04:55Z","timestamp":1777104295595,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["088862\/Z\/09\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["088862\/Z\/09\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early\u2010life exposures to geohelminths may protect against development of wheeze\/asthma and atopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the effect of maternal geohelminths and infections in children during the first 5\u00a0years on atopy, wheeze\/asthma and airways reactivity\/inflammation at 8\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birth cohort of 2404 neonates followed to 8\u00a0years in rural Ecuador. Data on wheeze\/asthma were collected by questionnaire and atopy by skin prick test (SPT) reactivity to 9 allergens. We measured airways reactivity to bronchodilator, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and nasal eosinophilia. Stool samples were examined for geohelminths by microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>1933 (80.4%) children were evaluated at 8\u00a0years. Geohelminths were detected in 45.8% of mothers and 45.5% of children to 5\u00a0years. Frequencies of outcomes at 8\u00a0years were as follows: wheeze (6.6%), asthma between 5 and 8\u00a0years (7.9%), SPT (14.7%), airways reactivity (10%) and elevated FeNO (10.3%) and nasal eosinophilia (9.2%). Any maternal geohelminth was associated with reduced SPT prevalence (OR 0.72). Childhood <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic> infections during the first 5\u00a0years were associated with reduced wheeze (OR 0.57) but greater parasite burdens with <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> at 5\u00a0years were associated with increased wheeze (OR 2.83) and asthma (OR 2.60). Associations between maternal geohelminths and wheeze\/asthma were modified by atopy. Parasite\u2010specific effects on wheeze\/asthma and airways reactivity and inflammation were observed in non\u2010atopic children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data provide novel evidence for persistent effects of <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> geohelminth exposures on childhood atopy but highlight the complex nature of the relationship between geohelminths and the airways. Registered as an observational study (ISRCTN41239086).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T01:30:58Z","timestamp":1616290258000},"page":"2765-2775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impact of early life geohelminths on wheeze, asthma and atopy in Ecuadorian children at 8 years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6770-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity St George's University of London London UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine Universidad Internacional del Ecuador Quito Ecuador"},{"name":"Fundacion Ecuatoriana Para La Investigacion en Salud Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Chis Ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity St George's University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha E.","family":"Chico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacion Ecuatoriana Para La Investigacion en Salud Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maritza","family":"Vaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacion Ecuatoriana Para La Investigacion en Salud Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yisela","family":"Oviedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacion Ecuatoriana Para La Investigacion en Salud Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacion Ecuatoriana Para La Investigacion en Salud Quito Ecuador"},{"name":"Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad San Francisco de Quito Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauricio L.","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDACS\u2010FIOCRUZ Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1263-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas A. 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