{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:32:54Z","timestamp":1788834774151,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Amoxicillin (AX) is nowadays the \u03b2\u2010lactam that more frequently induces immediate allergic reactions. Nevertheless, diagnosis of AX allergy is occasionally challenging due to risky\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests and non\u2010optimal sensitivity of\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests. AX requires protein haptenation to form multivalent conjugates with increased size to be immunogenic. Knowing adduct structural features for promoting effector cell activation would help to improve\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests. We aimed to identify the optimal structural requirement in specific cellular degranulation to AX using well\u2010precised nanoarchitectures of different lengths.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We constructed eight Bidendron Antigens (BiAns) based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers of different lengths (600\u201312,000\u00a0Da), end\u2010coupled with polyamidoamine dendrons that were terminally multi\u2010functionalized with amoxicilloyl (AXO).\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgE recognition was studied by competitive radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and antibody\u2013nanoarchitecture complexes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their allergenic activity was evaluated using bone marrow\u2010derived mast cells (MCs) passively sensitized with mouse monoclonal IgE against AX and humanized RBL\u20102H3 cells sensitized with polyclonal antibodies from sera of AX\u2010allergic patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All BiAns were recognized by AX\u2010sIgE. Dose\u2010dependent activation responses were observed in both cellular assays, only with longer structures, containing spacers in the range of PEG 6000\u201312,000\u00a0Da. Consistently, greater proportion of immunocomplexes and number of antibodies per complex for longer BiAns were visualized by TEM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BiAns are valuable platforms to study the mechanism of effector cell activation. These nanomolecular tools have demonstrated the importance of the adduct size to promote effector cell activation in AX allergy, which will impact for improving\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      diagnostics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T12:06:20Z","timestamp":1617105980000},"page":"3183-3193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nanoarchitectures for efficient IgE cross\u2010linking on effector cells to study amoxicillin allergy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0482-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amene","family":"Tesfaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology\u2010BIONAND M\u00e1laga 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