{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:46:43Z","timestamp":1790520403838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skin exposure to chemicals may induce an inflammatory disease known as contact dermatitis\u00a0(CD). Distinguishing the allergic and irritant forms of CD often proves challenging in the clinic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize the molecular signatures of chemical\u2010induced skin inflammation, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis on the skin lesions of 47 patients with positive patch tests to reference contact allergens and nonallergenic irritants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A clear segregation was observed between allergen\u2010 and irritant\u2010induced gene profiles. Distinct modules pertaining to the epidermal compartment, metabolism, and proliferation were induced by both contact allergens and irritants; whereas only contact allergens prompted strong activation of adaptive immunity, notably of cytotoxic T\u2010cell responses. Our results also confirmed that: (a) unique pathways characterize allergen\u2010 and irritant\u2010induced dermatitis; (b) the intensity of the clinical reaction correlates with the magnitude of immune activation. Finally, using a machine\u2010learning approach, we identified and validated several minimal combinations of biomarkers to distinguish contact allergy from irritation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results highlight the value of molecular profiling of chemical\u2010induced skin inflammation for improving the diagnosis of allergic versus irritant contact dermatitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T17:17:30Z","timestamp":1624727850000},"page":"3697-3712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Unique molecular signatures typify skin inflammation induced by chemical allergens and irritants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1257-2578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine\u2010Alexia","family":"Lefevre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team Epidermal Immunity and Allergy) INSERM, U1111 Univ Lyon Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1 Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon CNRS, UMR 5308 Lyon France"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint\u2010Etienne Saint\u2010Priest\u2010en\u2010Jarez France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2281-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Nosbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team Epidermal Immunity and Allergy) INSERM, U1111 Univ Lyon Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1 Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon CNRS, 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