{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:05:10Z","timestamp":1790726710822,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54AI117804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54AI117804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_184816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_184816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32003B_135665\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_135665\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32003B_160115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_160115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2ZHP3_168561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2ZHP3_168561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physicians are increasingly confronted with patients presenting with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction resembling eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), but absence of significant esophageal eosinophilia. The purpose of this study was to characterize and classify this group of EoE variants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients from six EoE\u2010centers with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction, but peak eosinophil counts of &lt;60\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (&lt;15\/hpf) in esophageal biopsies and absence of gastro\u2010esophageal reflux disease (GERD) were included. Clinical, endoscopic, (immuno)\u2010histological, and molecular features were determined and compared with EoE, GERD, and healthy controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 69 patients with EoE variants. Endoscopic abnormalities were found in 53.6%. We identified three histological subtypes:\n                      <jats:italic>EoE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:italic>like esophagitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (36\/69, 52.2%),\n                      <jats:italic>lymphocytic esophagitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (14\/69, 20.3%), and\n                      <jats:italic>non<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:italic>specific esophagitis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (19\/69, 27.5%). Immunohistochemistry revealed\u2014in contrast to EoE\u2014no significant increase in inflammatory cell infiltrates compared with GERD and healthy controls, except for lymphocytes in lymphocytic esophagitis. EoE\u2010typical Th2\u2010response was absent in all EoE variants. However, considerable structural changes were detected based on histology and protein expression. Using next generation mRNA sequencing, we found the three EoE variants to have distinct molecular fingerprints partially sharing pronounced traits of EoE. Hierarchical sample clustering of RNA sequencing data confirmed the presence of an EoE\u2010like (characterized by eotaxin\u20103 expression), non\u2010specific, and lymphocytic variant cluster (characterized by CD3 cells and TSLP expression).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All EoE variants are clinically and histologically active conditions despite the absence of esophageal eosinophilia. EoE variants appear to be part of a disease spectrum, where classical EoE represents the most common and apparent phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T20:24:50Z","timestamp":1643487890000},"page":"2520-2533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Characterization of eosinophilic esophagitis variants by clinical, histological, and molecular analyses: A cross\u2010sectional multi\u2010center study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2065-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Greuter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Lausanne \u2013 Centre Hopitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Straumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuniel","family":"Fernandez\u2010Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Germic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aref","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern  Bern 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Viollier AG  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7177-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirna","family":"Chehade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai Center for Eosinophilic Disorders Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan S.","family":"Dellon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology UNC Hospital  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn T.","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program Digestive Health Institute Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado 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