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How T\u2010cell numbers and function evolve at later timepoints after clinical recovery remains poorly investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively enrolled and longitudinally sampled 173 individuals with asymptomatic to critical COVID\u201019 and analyzed phenotypic and functional characteristics of T cells using flow cytometry, 40\u2010parameter mass cytometry, targeted proteomics, and functional assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The extensive T\u2010cell lymphopenia observed particularly in patients with severe COVID\u201019 during acute infection had recovered 6\u2009months after infection, which was accompanied by a normalization of functional T\u2010cell responses to common viral antigens. We detected persisting CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell activation up to 12\u2009months after infection, in patients with mild and severe COVID\u201019, as measured by increased HLA\u2010DR and CD38 expression on these cells. Persistent T\u2010cell activation after COVID\u201019 was independent of administration of a COVID\u201019 vaccine post\u2010infection. Furthermore, we identified a subgroup of patients with severe COVID\u201019 that presented with persistently low CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell counts at follow\u2010up and exhibited a distinct phenotype during acute infection consisting of a dysfunctional T\u2010cell response and signs of excessive pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study suggests that T\u2010cell numbers and function recover in most patients after COVID\u201019. However, we find evidence of persistent T\u2010cell activation up to 12\u2009months after infection and describe a subgroup of severe COVID\u201019 patients with persistently low CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell counts exhibiting a dysregulated immune response during acute infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T08:54:40Z","timestamp":1652518480000},"page":"2468-2481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["T\u2010cell recovery and evidence of persistent immune activation 12\u2009months after severe <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0522-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Taeschler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology University Hospital Zurich (USZ)  Zurich 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