{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:48:09Z","timestamp":1792097289550,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is thought to result from complex interactions between the host immune system, microbiota, and environmental exposures. Currently, there is limited data regarding the impact of ambient particulate matter \u22642.5\u2009\u03bcm in diameter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) in the pathogenesis of CRS, despite evidence linking PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> to other respiratory diseases. We hypothesized that PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> may result in differential cytokine patterns that could inform our mechanistic understanding of the effect of environmental factors on CRS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted an analysis of data prospectively collected from 308 CRS patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. Cytokines were quantified in intraoperative mucus specimens using a multiplex flow cytometric bead assay. Clinical and demographic data including zip codes were extracted and used to obtain tract\u2010level income and rurality measures. A spatiotemporal machine learning model was used to estimate daily PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> levels for the year prior to each patient's surgery date. Spearman correlations and regression analysis were performed to characterize the relationship between mucus cytokines and PM<jats:sub>2.5.<\/jats:sub><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several inflammatory cytokines including IL\u20102, IL\u20105\/IL\u201013, IL\u201012, and 21 were significantly correlated with estimated average 6, 9, and 12\u2010month preoperative PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> levels. These relationships were maintained for most cytokines after adjusting for age, income, body mass index, rurality, polyps, asthma, and allergic rhinitis (AR) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). There were also higher odds of asthma (OR\u2009=\u20091.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01) and AR (OR\u2009=\u20091.48, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.03) with increasing 12\u2010month PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure. Higher tissue eosinophil counts were associated with increasing PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> levels across multiple timeframes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure may be an independent risk factor for development of a mixed, type\u20102 dominant CRS inflammatory response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T10:59:15Z","timestamp":1704452355000},"page":"1219-1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Particulate matter exposure is associated with increased inflammatory cytokines and eosinophils in chronic rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9884-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory J.","family":"Lubner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kolin","family":"Rubel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh K.","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin H.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naweed I.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22741"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21315"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0690-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24630"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21847"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-01019-6"},{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens WJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.12.1324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21904"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.12.981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202102-0368LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0351OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22182"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201903-0635LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2021.100155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"IRS. 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