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Lower lung function was defined as the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>PTEF<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>) &lt;0.25, and skin barrier impairment as a high TEWL &gt;9.50\u2009g\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/h. Eczema was clinically observed, and DNA genotyped for <jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic> mutations. Asthma was defined as asthma\u2010like symptoms (\u22653 episodes of bronchial obstruction) between age 2\u20133\u2009years as well as a history of doctor\u2010diagnosed asthma and\/or asthma medication use. Associations were analyzed in logistic regression models, presented with adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lower lung function and skin barrier impairment were associated with asthma in general; aOR (95% CI) 5.4 (2.1, 13.7) and 1.6 (1.1, 2.5), while eczema and <jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic> mutations were associated with asthma in children with atopic dermatitis or allergic sensitization only. Stratifying for sex, the risk of asthma was only increased in boys with lower lung function; aOR (95% CI) 7.7 (2.5, 23.6), and in girls with <jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic> mutations; aOR (95% CI) 3.5 (1.5, 8.2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lower lung function and impaired skin barrier function in infancy may increase the risk of asthma at age 3\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T07:44:16Z","timestamp":1705650256000},"page":"667-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Infant lung function and early skin barrier impairment in the development of asthma at age 3\u2009years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2274-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"F\u00e4rdig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Hoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Almqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Eline S.","family":"Bains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin C. 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