{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:38:29Z","timestamp":1771591109811,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012331","name":"LEO Fondet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a potent contact allergen found in many hair colour products. However, not all individuals develop allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) although they are regularly exposed to PPD. It is unclear whether these asymptomatic individuals are true non\u2010responders to PPD or whether they mount a response to PPD without showing any symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skin biopsies were collected from 11 asymptomatic hairdressers regularly exposed to PPD and from 10 individuals with known ACD on day 4 after patch testing with 1% PPD in petrolatum and petrolatum exclusively as control. RNA sequencing and confocal microscopy were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>T cell activation, inflammation and apoptosis pathways were up\u2010regulated by PPD in both asymptomatic and allergic individuals. Compared to asymptomatic individuals with a negative patch test, individuals with a strong reaction to PPD strongly up\u2010regulated both pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines genes. Interestingly, PPD treatment induced significant up\u2010regulation of several genes for chemokines, classical type 2 dendritic cell markers and regulatory T cell markers in both asymptomatic and allergic individuals. In addition, apoptosis signalling pathway was activated in both non\u2010responders and allergic individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates that there are no true non\u2010responders to PPD but that the immune response elicited by PPD differs between individuals and can lead to either tolerance, subclinical inflammation or allergy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T07:11:17Z","timestamp":1706080277000},"page":"1291-1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Regulation of immune response genes in the skin of allergic and clinically tolerant individuals exposed to p\u2010phenylenediamine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Sanne S.","family":"Meisser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Allergy Research 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