{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:47:32Z","timestamp":1792741652416,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The \u03b1\u2010Gal syndrome (AGS) is an emerging allergy to mammalian food caused by IgE\u2010mediated reactions to the carbohydrate galactose\u2010\u03b1\u20101,3\u2010galactose (\u03b1\u2010Gal). Mammalian food sources contain \u03b1\u2010Gal, but the amount differs. The objective of this study was to investigate the allergenic potency of various foods of mammalian origin among AGS patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010six AGS patients were included. Food extracts from innards, lean meats, processed meat products, milk, and whey were analyzed. Immunoblot, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and basophil activation test were used to determine the \u03b1\u2010Gal content, characterize IgE binding, and assess foods' allergenicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The determined amount of \u03b1\u2010Gal, IgE reactivity to food extracts, and food extract potencies to activate patients' basophils correlated well with each other. Pork and beef kidney showed the highest allergenicity. Beef liver and bacon showed allergenicity comparable to that of lean meats. Game meat seemed to have a higher allergenic potency than meats from farm\u2010raised animals. The processed meat products liver p\u00e2t\u00e9 and black pudding, despite lower \u03b1\u2010Gal content, demonstrated moderate allergenicity. Milk showed the lowest allergenicity. IgE reactivity to food extracts was highly similar for all patients and strongly dominated by the \u03b1\u2010Gal epitope.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The allergenic potency of mammalian meat depends on the origin of the meat, the different cuts, and type of processing, with innards posing the greatest risk to AGS patients. Even processed mammalian meat constitutes a risk. Dairy products show the lowest risk. This study highlights the importance of analyzing even more foods to improve the management of AGS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T07:01:11Z","timestamp":1721026871000},"page":"181-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Allergenic potency of various foods of mammalian origin in patients with \u03b1\u2010Gal syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2079-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Perusko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Innovative Centre of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7352-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette","family":"Grundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2173-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Eldh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm 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