{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:53:21Z","timestamp":1790337201459,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Galectin\u20109 (Gal\u20109) has been implicated in allergic and autoimmune diseases, but its role and relevance in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) are unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize the role and relevance of Gal\u20109 in the pathogenesis of CSU.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed 60 CSU patients for their expression of Gal\u20109 on circulating eosinophils and basophils as well as T cell expression of the Gal\u20109 receptor TIM\u20103, compared them with 26 healthy controls (HCs), and explored possible links with disease features including disease activity (urticaria activity score, UAS), total IgE, basophil activation test (BAT), and response to omalizumab treatment. We also investigated potential drivers of Gal\u20109 expression by eosinophils and basophils.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our CSU patients had markedly increased rates of circulating Gal\u20109<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> eosinophils and basophils and high numbers of lesional Gal\u20109<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells. High rates of blood Gal\u20109<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> eosinophils\/basophils were linked to high disease activity, IgE levels, and BAT negativity. Serum levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1 were positively correlated with circulating Gal\u20109<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> eosinophils\/basophils, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 markedly upregulated Gal\u20109 on eosinophils. CSU patients who responded to omalizumab treatment had more Gal\u20109<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> eosinophils\/basophils than non\u2010responders, and omalizumab reduced blood levels of Gal\u20109<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> eosinophils\/basophils in responders. Gal\u20109<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> eosinophils\/basophils were negatively correlated with TIM\u20103<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>17 cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized involvement of the Gal\u20109\/TIM\u20103 pathway in the pathogenesis CSU and call for studies that explore its relevance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T03:28:44Z","timestamp":1721273324000},"page":"2435-2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In chronic spontaneous urticaria, increased Galectin\u20109 expression on basophils and eosinophils is linked to high disease activity, endotype\u2010specific markers, and response to omalizumab 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