{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:25:55Z","timestamp":1788585955376,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recently, it has been questioned whether vaccination of patients with inflammatory (auto)immune diseases under anti\u2010tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment leads to impaired vaccine\u2010induced immune responses and protection against breakthrough infections. However, the effects of TNF blockade on short\u2010 and long\u2010term immune responses after repeated vaccination remain unclear. Vaccination studies have shown that initial short\u2010term IgG antibodies (Abs) carry highly galactosylated and sialylated Fc glycans, whilst long\u2010term IgG Abs have low levels of galactosylation and sialylation and are most likely generated by long\u2010lived plasma cells (PCs) derived primarily from the germinal center (GC) response. Thus, IgG Fc glycosylation patterns may be applicable to distinguish short\u2010 and long\u2010term vaccine responses after repeated vaccination under the influence of anti\u2010TNF treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used COVID\u201019 vaccination as a model to investigate vaccine\u2010induced IgG subclass levels and Fc glycosylation patterns, B cell subsets, and effector functions of short\u2010 and long\u2010term Ab responses after up to three vaccinations in patients on anti\u2010TNF or other immunosuppressive treatments and in healthy individuals. Using TriNetX, a global healthcare database, we determined the risk of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 breakthrough infections in vaccinated patients treated with anti\u2010TNF or other immunosuppressive drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti\u2010TNF treatment reduced the long\u2010term abundance of all anti\u2010S IgG subclasses with low levels of galactosylation and sialylation. Re\u2010activation of potential memory B cells initially generated highly galactosylated and sialylated IgG antibodies, which were progressively reduced after each booster dose in anti\u2010TNF\u2010treated patients, especially in the elderly. The reduced short\u2010 and long\u2010term IgG (1) levels in anti\u2010TNF\u2010treated patients correlated with diminished functional activity and an increased risk for the development of COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data suggest that anti\u2010TNF treatment reduces both GC\u2010dependent long\u2010lived PCs and GC\u2010dependent memory B cell\u2010derived short\u2010lived PCs, hence both the long\u2010 and short\u2010term IgG subclass responses, respectively, after repeated vaccination. We propose that anti\u2010TNF therapy, especially in the elderly, reduces the benefit of booster vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T03:47:05Z","timestamp":1721879225000},"page":"423-439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Anti\u2010TNF therapy impairs both short\u2010 and long\u2010term IgG responses after repeated vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Jana Sophia","family":"Buhre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine University of L\u00fcbeck and University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein  L\u00fcbeck 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Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine University of L\u00fcbeck and University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5683-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Rahm\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine University of L\u00fcbeck and University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Petry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine University of L\u00fcbeck and University Medical Center Schleswig\u2010Holstein  L\u00fcbeck 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