{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T19:27:44Z","timestamp":1758223664960,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006286","name":"Kongelig Hofbuntmager Aage Bangs Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012331","name":"LEO Fondet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is driven by a complex interplay of skin barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation, including a significant T\u2010cell\u2013mediated immune response. The thymus is the key organ of T cell receptor gene rearrangement and T\u2010cell maturation in early life. This study investigated whether infant thymus size is associated with incident AD during the first 2\u2009years of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred term newborns were followed clinically from birth until 2\u2009years of age. Trans\u2010sternal ultrasound scans of the thymus were performed at birth, 2\u2009months, and 12\u2009months. The thymic index was calculated and dichotomized at \u2265\u200990th percentile. Skin tape strips from the dorsal hand were analyzed for immune biomarkers. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for AD risk and early\u2010onset AD. Multivariate analyses (aHR) were adjusted for sex, weight, height, breastfeeding, <jats:italic>FLG<\/jats:italic> mutation, and parental atopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 300 enrolled children, 290 (97%) were eligible for analyses. The 2\u2010year cumulative prevalence of AD was 34.1% (95% CI: 28.7%\u201339.6%). A higher thymic index at 2\u2009months was associated with increased AD risk during the first 2\u2009years of life (HR: 3.51; 95% CI: [1.73\u20137.12]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), (aHR: 6.32; 95% CI: [2.81\u201314.20]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and increased early\u2010onset AD before 6\u2009months (HR: 2.95; 95% CI: [1.29\u20136.76]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01), (aHR: 5.35; 95% CI: [2.05\u201313.90]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A moderate correlation between thymic index and EASI (Eczema Area and Severity Index) was observed at 2\u2009months of age (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.39).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that increased thymic activity and T\u2010cell development may be associated with a higher risk of AD onset, suggesting a potential role of early\u2010life T\u2010cell maturation in disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T07:10:21Z","timestamp":1753773021000},"page":"2600-2609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large Thymus Size at 2\u2009Months Is Associated With Increased Risk of Atopic Dermatitis at Age 2"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3914-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iben","family":"Frier Ruge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Rasmussen","family":"Rinnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen  Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mie Sylow","family":"Liljendahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Zurek","family":"Munk\u2010Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u2010Sofie","family":"Halling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5377-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trine","family":"Gerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina Haarup","family":"Ravn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7072-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette Hjorslev","family":"Knudgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Trautner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen  Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lone","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Herlev and Gentofte  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schlapbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon Francis","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Egeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivone","family":"Jakasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology University of Zagreb  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Kezic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Ewertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3770-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob P.","family":"Thyssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00149-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12112"},{"issue":"10253","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"758","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"396","author":"Langan S. M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32832e7d36"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12193-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550152572886"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-84192-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"280","article-title":"Thymus Size and Age\u2010Related Thymic Involution: Early Programming, Sexual Dimorphism, Progenitors and Stroma","volume":"3","author":"Gui J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging and Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01128.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.06.051"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"Thymus Is Enlarged in Children With Current Atopic Dermatitis. A Cross\u2010Sectional Study","volume":"85","author":"Olesen A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Dermato\u2010Venereologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13457"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033801"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15518"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2001.100102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13662"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00187675"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78943-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.706244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14211.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340418"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00988"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00370717"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejpa.2023.294363"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Role of the Thymus Gland in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"5","author":"Alvin G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Dermatology Research and Reviews Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2023.04.002"}],"container-title":["Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/all.16673","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T10:11:33Z","timestamp":1758190293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/all.16673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/all.16673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.16673","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-4538","1398-9995"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0105-4538"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1398-9995"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}