{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T04:37:44Z","timestamp":1792471064990,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotics are frequently prescribed in preschool wheezing episodes and acute asthma exacerbations (AAEs), even though antibiotics are not recommended as standard AAE treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically present relevant literature about the clinical effects of antibiotics for AAE and conclude with recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic search was conducted in Medline ALL, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Primary outcomes included AAE duration and length of hospital stay, while secondary outcomes incorporated AAE severity, treatment failure, AAE recurrence risk, spirometry, health costs, and adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection Criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies were included if they investigated the clinical effect of antibiotics in AAE compared to placebo\/standard care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen studies were included. Evidence for clinical effects of antibiotics in AAE treatment is scarce. Macrolides seem to shorten AAE duration in children; for adults, there is a lack of data. Antibiotics were associated with a longer hospital admission in retrospective observational studies, without evidence in randomised trials. Procalcitonin\u2010guided treatment led to a reduction of antibiotic prescriptions without adverse outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited evidence is available that macrolides shorten AAE duration in preschool wheezers. For other age groups, there is no clear evidence of beneficial effects of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:14:52Z","timestamp":1760404492000},"page":"3237-3250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antibiotics for Acute Wheezing and Asthma Exacerbations: An\n                    <scp>EAACI<\/scp>\n                    Position Paper and Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2990-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u2010Lotte","family":"Redel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology Franciscus Gasthuis &amp; Vlietland  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology Erasmus Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6613-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Feleszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Allergy and Pneumonology Medical University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1354-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Atanaskovic\u2010Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade, University Children's Hospital  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5567-4190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Arcolaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit University of Verona and General Hospital Borgo Roma Hospital  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avraham","family":"Beigelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kipper Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1942-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Boccabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli \u2013 IRCCS  Rome Italy"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute Royal Brompton Hospital &amp; Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7671-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert\u2010Jan","family":"Braunstahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology Franciscus Gasthuis &amp; Vlietland  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology Erasmus Medical Centre  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6929-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Cefaloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aspasia","family":"Karavelia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ear\u2010Nose\u2010Throat Surgery General Hospital of Nafplio  Nafplio Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0228-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerdien","family":"Tramper\u2010Stranders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Franciscus Gasthuis &amp; Vlietland  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Division of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Centre \u2010 Sophia Children's Hospital  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"396","article-title":"Global Health Metrics: Asthma\u2014Level 3 Cause","volume":"20","author":"Vos T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"458","article-title":"Global Initiative for Asthma","volume":"20","author":"Reddel H. 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