{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T09:12:06Z","timestamp":1784279526363,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017689","name":"Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are classically divided into three groups: ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3 to reflect their functional analogy to Th1, Th2, and Th17. There is also an IL\u20109 single\u2010producing T cell subset, namely the Th9 cell, which plays a dominant role in the onset of allergic diseases compared with traditional Th2 cells. Although a corresponding cell subset of ILCs to different Th cell subsets exists, so far the counterpart of Th9 cells in ILCs has not been reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we aimed to report the existence of group 9 innate lymphoid cells (ILC9s) and characterize them in allergic rhinitis (AR) and in response to allergen immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The expressions and characterization of ILC9s were investigated in purified ILCs cultures, PBMCs from patients with AR and responder subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) patients by flow cytometry, scRNA\u2010seq transcriptome, qRT\u2010PCR, siRNA knockdown, and immunofluorescence staining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IL\u20109\u2010expressing cells were observed in the nasal mucosa of patients with AR without the co\u2010expression of IL\u20105 and IL\u201013. IL\u20104 and TGF\u2010\u03b2 induce IL\u20109 secretion by human ILCs. scRNA\u2010seq of whole ILCs defines an H1R\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      OX\u201040L\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ILC subset as ILC9 expressing high levels of IL\u20109 and low levels of the ILC2 transcription factor GATA3. Instead, this new ILC9 subset displays Bach2 as a transcription factor, and IL\u20109 expression decreases after siRNA inhibition of Bach2. Histamine is an important regulator of ILC9 because ILC9 production increases in response to histamine, and IL\u20109 levels in ILCs positively correlate with the expression of histamine 1R. An up\u2010regulation of PPAR\u03b3 was observed in ILCs in response to IL\u20104 and TGF\u2010\u03b2, and ILC9 differentiation was suppressed by the PPAR\u03b3 antagonist.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ILC9s are highly expressed in the nasal mucosa and PBMCs of patients with AR and were decreased in response to house dust mite\u2013SCIT. Our study sheds light on the newly discovered ILC9 subset and demonstrates a potential target in allergen immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T09:59:21Z","timestamp":1766743161000},"page":"1650-1664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of Human Group 9 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Response to Allergen Immunotherapy in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya\u2010Qi","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich  Davos Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Allergy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences) Southern Medical University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Christine K\u00fchne\u2010Center for Allergy Research and Education  Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Te","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich  Davos Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Allergy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun 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