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Manual counting of inflammatory cells in microscopic images (MI) is laborious and subjective, limiting diagnostic precision and treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2457 slides from 20 hospitals were used to develop an AI\u2010based NP subtype diagnosis system (NPSS). NPSS\u2010MI was built using 1047 slides (15,705 MIs) annotated by pathologists. NPSS\u2010WSI was trained on 1410 slides (21,150 images) combining PA\u2010P2PNet for cell detection and U\u2010KAN for region segmentation. Three\u2010dimensional reconstruction (3DNP) using registration and point cloud analysis enabled spatial quantification of inflammatory cells. Twelve pathologists evaluated NPSS accuracy and efficiency on 200 slides, and recurrence prediction models were developed using logistic regression in a 131\u2010patient cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NPSS achieved performance with a weighted average F1\u2010score of 0.809 for cell detection and an intersection over union (IoU) of 0.827 for region segmentation with an internal dataset. External dataset performance showed an F1\u2010score of 0.792 and an IoU of 0.815. Forty randomly accumulated MIs were approximated WSI results. NPSS\u2010MI and NPSS\u2010WSI reached accuracies of 90% and 91%, reducing diagnostic time from 193 to 8\u2009s and from 10,450 to 250\u2009s, respectively. Junior pathologists using NPSS improved accuracy from 50% to 89%. Inflammatory cells showed distinct spatial patterns in 3DNP. NPSS\u2010WSI prognostic model outperformed the MI\u2010based model (AUC 86.64% vs. 79.81%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NPSS integrates MI, WSI, and 3DNP to enable accurate and efficient NP subtype diagnosis and prognosis prediction, greatly enhancing diagnostic precision and clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:13:00Z","timestamp":1773004380000},"page":"1665-1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial Intelligence\u2010Based Pathological Subtype Diagnosis of Nasal Polyps: A Multidimensional and Micro\u2010Visualization Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2785-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Allergy The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Institute for Frontier Interdisciplinary Research in Health Sciences and Technology Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Airway Inflammatory Disease Research and Innovative Technology Translation  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology Northwest University  Xian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology Northwest University  Xian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guixian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Allergy The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Airway Inflammatory Disease Research and Innovative Technology Translation  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manhou","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Kiang Wu Hospital  Macau China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Institute for Frontier Interdisciplinary Research in Health Sciences and Technology Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Airway Inflammatory Disease Research and Innovative Technology Translation  Guangzhou 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Yat\u2010Sen University  Zhuhai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanteng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Allergy Center The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoxi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University  Xi'an 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