{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:56:12Z","timestamp":1791446172263,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32003B_204751\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32003B_204751\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non\u2010specific esophagitis has been recently described in patients with dysphagia not fulfilling criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Whether it is a distinct entity and how dysphagia can develop in the absence of eosinophilic infiltration remains unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we comprehensively characterized non\u2010specific esophagitis aiming to elucidate eosinophil\u2010independent fibrosis mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We cross\u2010sectionally and longitudinally analyzed treatment\u2010na\u00efve patients presenting with non\u2010specific esophagitis defined by esophageal dysfunction and low\u2010grade lymphocytic infiltration (&lt;\u200930 lymphocytes\/hpf) in the absence of tissue eosinophilia and reflux disease (GERD). We compared clinical, endoscopic, (immuno)\u2010histological disease activity to EoE, lymphocytic esophagitis, and GERD. RNA sequencing was performed to investigate disease mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 19 patients (6 males, median age 48\u2009years), with a follow\u2010up of 20\u2009months (IQR 10\u201341). Clinical disease burden was considerable, contrasting mild endoscopic activity (EREFS 0, IQR 0\u20132). Immunostaining of esophageal biopsies did not reveal increased numbers of eosinophils or mast cells as contributors to the disease. Lymphocytic infiltration (15\/hpf, IQR 9\u201324) was not increased compared to healthy controls (9\/hpf, IQR 9\u201310) or GERD patients (13\/hpf, IQR 9\u201323); 14 (73.6%) patients were treated with topical steroids (symptomatic response in 85.7%) and 6 patients (31.6%) underwent endoscopic dilation. Progression to EoE was observed in 1 patient, while esophageal eosinophilia (&lt;\u200915 eos\/hpf) developed in 3 patients. RNA sequencing (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) revealed a distinct transcriptomic profile, with highly enriched fibrosis\u2010related pathways. Immunostaining for E\u2010Cadherin\/Vimentin as a marker for epithelial\u2010mesenchymal transition (EMT,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910) confirmed increased EMT compared to controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non\u2010specific esophagitis appears to be a distinct non\u2010eosinophilic phenotype with fibrotic traits. Our data suggest eosinophil\u2010independent development of fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T01:36:22Z","timestamp":1777685782000},"page":"3620-3630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Non\u2010Specific Esophagitis Reveals a Distinct Non\u2010Eosinophilic Phenotype With Fibrotic Traits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Pfefferle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Lausanne\u2014Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Lausanne\u2014Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Limmattalspital  Schlieren Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darko","family":"Stojkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8965-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Gueguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology EOC Lugano  Lugano Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Universit\u00e0 Della Svizzera Italiana  Lugano Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret H.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pathology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna","family":"Chehade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai Center for Eosinophilic Disorders Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan S.","family":"Dellon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of North Carolina School of Medicine  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn T.","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program University of Colorado School of Medicine, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmala","family":"Gonsalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad J.","family":"Moawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Scripps Clinic  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Biedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain M.","family":"Schoepfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Lausanne\u2014Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)  Lausanne 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Gastroenterology and Hepatology EOC Lugano  Lugano Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Universit\u00e0 Della Svizzera Italiana  Lugano 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