{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:32:49Z","timestamp":1787157169424,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a therapeutic approach to restore allergen tolerance and prevent asthma progression. Previous studies have shown exhaustion of T cells and the induction of T cells expressing IL\u201017 and FOXP3 early in AIT, which are relevant for the clinical outcome. This study aims to investigate the dynamic transition from type\u20103 immunity to a regulatory state observed in the first year during allergic inflammation, as well as the subsequent dysfunction of effector cells during AIT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human and experimental models of allergic airway inflammation were used to assess the impact of AIT on Treg, Tr17 and Th17 cell populations using flow cytometry and proliferation assays. Additionally, human blood samples were analysed using single\u2010cell transcriptomics to characterise transcriptional signatures associated with the transition from pro\u2010inflammatory to regulatory states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AIT restored balance of Tr17 and Treg populations and increased their proliferative capacity, whereas Th17 cells remained functionally impaired. Single\u2010cell transcriptomics identified Tr17 cells as intermediate states between pro\u2010inflammatory and regulatory T\u2010cell programs after AIT. In parallel, AIT reprogrammed intracellular communication networks, with TNF\/LTA\u2010associated signalling pathways emerging as prominent mediators of tolerogenic signalling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight that AIT reprograms immune responses by enhancing regulatory dominance, inducing Tr17 plasticity and leveraging TNF\/TNFR2\u2010mediated tolerance. Understanding the cellular dynamics during AIT suggests that therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting Th17 functional impairment could further enhance treatment efficacy for allergic airway diseases. This insight opens new avenues for refining immunotherapeutic approaches to more effectively restore immune balance and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:17:40Z","timestamp":1777540660000},"page":"2184-2197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>TNF<\/scp>\n                    Pathway\u2010Mediated Tolerogenic T\u2010Cell Trajectory Driven by Allergen Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Helen S.","family":"Charles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr A.","family":"Gabr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Giessen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich M.","family":"Zissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz 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