{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T10:28:22Z","timestamp":1787048902400,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ8\/00981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/B\/NZ8\/00981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sensitization to birch pollen is a major contributor to allergic rhinitis in Europe, with sensitization rates in many countries from 10% to 20% of the general population. Growing evidence suggests that air pollution enhances the allergenicity of pollen; however, the clinical consequences of this co\u2010exposure remain poorly understood. This study investigated whether air pollution intensifies birch pollen allergenicity and assessed its effects on symptom severity and basophil activation in allergic and non\u2010allergic individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty birch\u2010allergic patients and twenty\u2010five non\u2010atopic controls were examined over two consecutive pollen seasons (2023\u20132024). Daily nasal, ocular, and asthma symptoms were recorded using a mobile application. Ambient air pollutants (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and birch pollen concentrations were continuously monitored in Krak\u00f3w. Basophil activation tests (BAT) were performed using commercial birch pollen extracts, Bet v1 allergen, and natural pollen collected from highly and less polluted areas. Basophil activation was quantified by CD63 expression using flow cytometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Asthmatic symptoms showed significant positive correlations with both birch pollen and PM concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), especially in 2023. Pollen collected from polluted sites induced significantly stronger basophil activation compared with pollen from less polluted areas (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The magnitude of basophil activation correlated with serum IgE levels to birch and Bet v 1, as well as with clinical symptom scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air pollution enhances the allergenic potency of birch pollen, resulting in heightened basophil activation and more severe allergic symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of integrating air pollution monitoring alongside pollen surveillance when assessing allergic disease burden and evaluating the effectiveness of allergen immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:28:00Z","timestamp":1786440480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Environmental Pollution on Basophil Reactivity to Birch Pollen Allergens in Atopic and Non\u2010Atopic Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Czarnobilska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krak\u00f3w Malopolska Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Bulanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krak\u00f3w Malopolska Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Czarnobilska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krak\u00f3w Malopolska Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5689-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Dyga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krak\u00f3w Malopolska Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Jutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Wroclaw Medical University  Wroclaw Poland"},{"name":"ALL\u2010MED Medical Research Institute  Wroclaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1493-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Myszkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology Jagiellonian University Medical College  Krak\u00f3w Malopolska Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13758"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20102600(25)00242\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869\u2010011\u20100144\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(2014)60617\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02318-8_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat1604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010021\u201000538\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2016.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26135966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390306381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3573"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2347\u20107995.ijcmph20181801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"EEA \u201cAir Quality Status Report 2025 \u201d (2025)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.Samoli\u0144ski A. 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