{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T09:07:27Z","timestamp":1789117647616,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003653","name":"Korea National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ER090601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ER090601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Long\u2010term exposure to ambient fine and coarse particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) is a major risk factor for asthma development. However, how urbanicity, poverty, and age jointly modify this association and contribute to disparities in asthma incidence remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study of 8,252,498 adults in South Korea using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Health records were linked to 1km\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      resolution estimates of long\u2010term PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure. Asthma incidence was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographic, clinical, and environmental covariates. Stratified analyses were performed by age, Medical Aid status, and residential area.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Long\u2010term exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      was significantly associated with an increased risk of new\u2010onset asthma. Each 10\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32\u20131.34), while a comparable increase in PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with an HR of 1.38 (95% CI, 1.37\u20131.38). Stratified analyses demonstrated progressive risk amplification across age, Medical Aid status, and residential area, with HRs ranging from 1.16 (95% CI, 1.14\u20131.18) among younger adults without Medical Aid living in rural areas to 1.80 (95% CI, 1.66\u20131.94) among older adults and receiving Medical Aid residing in urban areas (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      for interaction &lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long\u2010term PM exposure significantly increased asthma risk, with the greatest disparities observed among socioeconomically disadvantaged older adults residing in urban areas. Urgent, targeted strategies are needed to mitigate the disproportionate asthma burden attributable to these inequities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:25:23Z","timestamp":1789115123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cumulative Vulnerability to Particulate Matter and Incident Asthma: Joint Effects of Urbanicity, Poverty, and Age in a Nationwide Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine Hanyang University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihye","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &amp; Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0704-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihee","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &amp; Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suna","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Environment Institute  Sejong South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Jeju National University Hospital  Jeju South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwamin","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &amp; Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danbee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &amp; Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Won","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Environment Institute  Sejong South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Yun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Ye","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai Joon","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-0667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youlim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9081-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &amp; Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000199001.68908.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-7-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2024.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101314"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0163-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"European Environment Agency \u201cUnequal Exposure and Unequal Impacts: Social Vulnerability to Air Pollution Noise and Extreme Temperatures in Europe. EEA Report No 22\/2018 \u201d(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n991"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0193"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"e15","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The National Health Insurance Service\u2010National Sample Cohort (NHIS\u2010NSC), South Korea","volume":"46","author":"Lee J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.7110"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5572\/KOSAE.2019.35.1.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021082"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25589-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00738"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-211793"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1133312"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-023-00343-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00279-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0276-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219489"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.229773"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1383503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15750"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03052-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10574-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1324552"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44273-024-00037-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127511"}],"container-title":["Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/all.70502","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/all.70502","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/all.70502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:25:25Z","timestamp":1789115125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/all.70502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/all.70502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.70502","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-4538","1398-9995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-4538","type":"print"},{"value":"1398-9995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"all.70502"}}