{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:02:40Z","timestamp":1789524160462,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n According to current guidelines, disease activity in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is measured based on eosinophil infiltration in the esophageal tissue. To investigate the functional role of non\u2010eosinophilic immune cells, we examined immune cell infiltrate over the disease course in pediatric patients with EoE and performed single\u2010cell molecular analysis of the T\u2010cell infiltrate.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We collected clinical data and biopsies from pediatric patients with EoE (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200950, baseline, up to six follow\u2010up endoscopies), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD,\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200933), or functional disorders (FD,\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200967). Multiparametric immunofluorescence staining (mIF;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009114 biopsies) and single\u2010cell RNA sequencing of CD45\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T\u2010cells (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200982 biopsies; 35,112 cells) with T cell receptor repertoire analysis were performed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Immune cell infiltration was significantly higher in active EoE than in inactive EoE, GERD, and FD (inactive: EPX\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0156, MCT\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0312, CD3\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0078). During remission, CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T\u2010cell infiltration was significantly greater with PPI treatment compared to TS (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0092). GNLY\u2010positive activated CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T\u2010cells (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.33,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.038), and T\n H<\/jats:sub>\n 2 cells (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.36,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.036) positively correlated with esophageal eosinophilia in the single\u2010cell analysis, whereas IL17\u2010positive CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T\u2010cells showed a negative correlation (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.43,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.016\n )<\/jats:italic>\n . During active EoE, T\n H<\/jats:sub>\n 2 cells were enriched (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.002). Absolute clone size was higher in active EoE than in inactive EoE and controls, while mean clone size only differed for CD4 clones between active EoE and controls. Diversity and the ratio of expanded clonotypes did not differ.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Distinct immunophenotypic profiles are associated with treatment response and disease activity in pediatric EoE. TS were associated with lower residual T cell infiltration than PPI. The evaluation of therapy\u2010induced phenotypic changes by single\u2010cell analysis was limited by low T cell yields in biopsies after TS treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:30:01Z","timestamp":1789522201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single\u2010Cell Profiling Links T\u2010Cell Accumulation and\n \n T\n H<\/sub>\n 2\n <\/scp>\n \/\n \n T\n H<\/sub>\n 17\n <\/scp>\n Dynamics to Eosinophilic Esophagitis (\n EoE<\/scp>\n ) Activity in Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7208-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"Hoelz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital LMU University Hospital Munich Munich 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Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7734-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Jurk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital LMU University Hospital Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0594-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie\u2010Luise","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital LMU University Hospital Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2819-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Piontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine LMU Munich Munich 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