{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:02:28Z","timestamp":1791460948170,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Grass pollen, the most clinically relevant outdoor aeroallergen in Europe and worldwide, presents a complex challenge due to the diverse nature of its subspecies. This diversity complicates the interpretation of their contribution to the overall pollen burden during the grass pollen season and the selection of the appropriate allergen immunotherapy. Almost all species of the Pooideae subfamily share important major allergens, namely the allergens of Group 1 and 5, leading to a high level of cross\u2010reactivity at the IgE level. However, the presence of a multitude of additional minor allergens and species\u2010specific epitopes adds to the complexity. Timothy (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Phleum pratense<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), previously considered the most relevant allergen source among grass species, is found during the late\u2010blooming grass pollen season, while symptom severity and pollen concentrations already show several peaks during the early\u2010blooming grass and main grass pollen seasons. Current data suggest a limited regional relevance of timothy grass during the natural grass pollen season in southern Europe from both the aerobiology and allergy perspectives. This review aims to discuss the latest evidence supporting a broad\u2010spectrum approach to best reflect natural grass pollen exposure in allergen immunotherapy, presenting a complex but crucial aspect of allergology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:45:23Z","timestamp":1791459923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Diversity of Grass Pollen in Europe\u2014An\n                    <scp>EAACI<\/scp>\n                    Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2455-0192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludger","family":"Klimek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rhinology and Allergology  Wiesbaden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5228-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Mal\u00e1ga\u2010UMA  Malaga Spain"},{"name":"Allergy Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA)\u2010BIONAND Platform RICORS Inflammatory Diseases  Malaga Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4061-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Bousquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Comprehensive Allergy Center Berlin Institute of Health  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"University Hospital Montpellier  Montpellier France"},{"name":"MACVIA\u2010France  Montpellier France"},{"name":"Fraunhofer\u2010Institut Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio Walter","family":"Canonica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Humanitas Research Hospital  Rozzano Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University  Pieve Emanuele Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3425-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Shamji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1972-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University Medical Center  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl\u2010Christian","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allergology Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP Allergology and Immunology Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Haus  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8812-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"B\u00e4rhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rhinology and Allergology  Wiesbaden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9846-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Hagemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Rhinology and Allergology  Wiesbaden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University Innsbruck  Innsbruck Austria"},{"name":"Department Research and Development AZ Pollen Research  Stockerau Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8297-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Centre Vienna West  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Department of Oto\u2010Rhino\u2010Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Klinik Landstra\u00dfe, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Arasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research in Pediatric Specialties Area, Division of Allergy Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Ollert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)  Esch\u2010sur\u2010Alzette Luxembourg"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark  Odense Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center UZ Brussels Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4516-0369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry Complutense University  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0976-3402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Rondon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Mal\u00e1ga\u2010UMA  Malaga Spain"},{"name":"Allergy Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA)\u2010BIONAND Platform RICORS Inflammatory Diseases  Malaga Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Giovannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Unit Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS  Florence Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5432-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Zieglmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl Landsteiner University Competence Center for Allergology and Immunology  Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"28","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13854","article-title":"EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0","volume":"34","author":"Dramburg S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatric Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.059","article-title":"The Grass Pollen Season 2014 in Vienna: A Pilot Study Combining Phenology, Aerobiology and Symptom Data","volume":"566","author":"Kmenta M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-017-9473-7","article-title":"Phenological Analysis of Grasses (Poaceae) as a Support for the Dissection of Their Pollen Season in Perugia (Central Italy)","volume":"33","author":"Ghitarrini S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2022.101898","article-title":"Biological\u2010Based and Remote Sensing Techniques to Link Vegetative and Reproductive Development and Assess Pollen Emission in Mediterranean Grasses","volume":"72","author":"Rojo J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecological Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/00173134.2015.1096301","article-title":"Pollen Morphology of Poaceae (Poales) in the Azores, Portugal","volume":"54","author":"Morgado L. N.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Grana"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"S.SamandH.Heigl \u201cSecale cereale \u201d AutPal\u2014Society for the Promotion of Palynological Research in Austria (2021): PalDat\u2014A Palynological Database. \/pub\/Secale_cereale\/304794."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"B.DiethartandW.Auer \u201cTriticum aestivum \u201d AutPal\u2014Society for the Promotion of Palynological Research in Austria (2021): PalDat\u2014A Palynological Database. \/pub\/Triticum_aestivum\/304793."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-026-09902-3","article-title":"The Ability of Automated Fluorometry and Holography to Discern Airborne Grass Pollen Beyond Family Level","volume":"42","author":"Ullah I.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-017-0163-2","article-title":"The Grass Pollen Season 2015: A Proof of Concept Multi\u2010Approach Study in Three Different European Cities","volume":"10","author":"Kmenta M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Allergy Organization Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2010.06.016","article-title":"Bridging Allergologic and Botanical Knowledge in Seasonal Allergy: A Role for Phenology","volume":"105","author":"Frenguelli G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology: Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-010-9174-y","article-title":"Study of Poaceae Phenology in a Mediterranean Climate. Which Species Contribute Most to Airborne Pollen Counts","volume":"27","author":"Le\u00f3n\u2010Ruiz E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp3.70060","article-title":"Environmental Changes on Grass Flowering Phenological Trends (2000\u20132021)","volume":"7","author":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Bracero M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plants, People, Planet"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13338","article-title":"Diagnostic Relevance of IgE Sensitization Profiles to Eight Recombinant \n                     Phleum pratense\n                   Molecules","volume":"73","author":"Cipriani F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000151243","article-title":"The Principle of Homologous Groups in Regulatory Affairs of Allergen Products\u2014A Proposal","volume":"148","author":"Lorenz A. R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"Guideline on Allergen Products: Production and Quality Issues (EMEA\/CHMP\/BWP\/304831\/2007)","author":"EMA","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-014-0496-7","article-title":"Challenges for Allergy Diagnosis in Regions With Complex Pollen Exposures","volume":"15","author":"Barber D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Allergy and Asthma Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000069013","article-title":"Characteristics and Immunobiology of Grass Pollen Allergens","volume":"130","author":"Andersson K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1159\/000226233","article-title":"Extensive IgE Cross\u2010Reactivity Towards the Pooideae Grasses Substantiated for a Large Number of Grass\u2010Pollen\u2010Sensitized Subjects","volume":"150","author":"Johansen N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03380.x","article-title":"Molecular Variability of Group 1 and 5 Grass Pollen Allergens Between Pooideae Species: Implications for Immunotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Chabre H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1992.tb00177.x","article-title":"Variability of Crossreactivity of IgE Antibodies to Group I and V Allergens in Eight Grass Pollen Species","volume":"22","author":"Van Ree R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.01938.x","article-title":"Different Allergenic Activity of Grass Pollen Allergens Revealed by Skin Testing","volume":"38","author":"Westritschnig K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12074","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the SQ\u2010Standardized Grass Allergy Immunotherapy Tablet in Mono\u2010 and Polysensitized Subjects","volume":"68","author":"Nelson H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.07.046","article-title":"Optimal Dose, Efficacy, and Safety of Once\u2010Daily Sublingual Immunotherapy With a 5\u2010Grass Pollen Tablet for Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis","volume":"120","author":"Didier A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12324","article-title":"Grass\u2010Specific CD4(+) T\u2010Cells Exhibit Varying Degrees of Cross\u2010Reactivity, Implications for Allergen\u2010Specific Immunotherapy","volume":"44","author":"Archila L. D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy: Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e31826a10cf","article-title":"Cross\u2010Reactivity in Grasses: Biochemical Attributes Define Exemplar Relevance","volume":"5","author":"Bullimore A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organization Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/jse.12262","article-title":"A Worldwide Phylogenetic Classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An Update and a Comparison of Two 2015 Classifications","volume":"55","author":"Soreng R. J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Systematics and Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0822","article-title":"Major Allergen Content in Allergen Immunotherapy Products: The Limited Value of Numbers","volume":"32","author":"Becker S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12824","article-title":"Standardization of Allergen Products: 2. Detailed Characterization of GMP\u2010Produced Recombinant Phl p 5.0109 as European Pharmacopoeia Reference Standard","volume":"71","author":"Himly M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100518","article-title":"Variability of Grass Pollen Allergy Symptoms Throughout the Season: Comparing Symptom Data Profiles From the Patient's Hayfever Diary From 2014 to 2016 in Vienna (Austria)","volume":"14","author":"Bastl M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organization Journal"}],"container-title":["Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/all.70536","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/all.70536","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/all.70536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:45:27Z","timestamp":1791459927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/all.70536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/all.70536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.70536","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-4538","1398-9995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-4538","type":"print"},{"value":"1398-9995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"all.70536"}}