{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:15:57Z","timestamp":1790410557015,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The i\u2010gel\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is a supraglottic airway with a gel\u2010like thermoplastic cuff. It has been suggested that the seal around the larynx improves following insertion. Perhaps the most intuitive hypothesis proposed for this is that cuff softening occurs during warming from ambient to body temperature. We investigated this using a food industry texture analyser over a wide temperature range. Size 2 and 3 i\u2010gels were secured to a platform within a temperature\u2010controlled water bath, which was in turn mounted on a texture analyser test stand. Both water and i\u2010gel cuff temperatures were recorded. A spherical probe was advanced 4\u00a0mm into the surface of each i\u2010gel at a rate of 1\u00a0mm.s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , then retracted at the same rate while the upward pressure on the probe was recorded. Three runs made at each of the 11 temperatures (10\u00a0\u00b0C to 60\u00a0\u00b0C, 5\u00a0\u00b0C increments) gave 105,864 data points, from which values for hardness (the peak force on the probe at maximum indentation), and resilience (the rate at which the material recovers its original shape) were calculated. Over 10 to 60\u00a0\u00b0C, the smallest hardness value expressed as a proportion of the largest was 88.2% and 89.8% for size 2 and 3 i\u2010gels, respectively, and for resilience these were 92.8% and 86.2%, respectively. Over room temperature to body temperature range (21\u201337.4\u00a0\u00b0C), hardness decreased by 3.15% and increased by 0.47% for i\u2010gel sizes 2 and 3, respectively, whereas resilience values decreased by 1.85% and 2.68%, respectively. Cuff hardness and resilience did generally reduce with warming, but the effect was minimal over temperature ranges that may be encountered during clinical use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T07:22:09Z","timestamp":1525332129000},"page":"856-862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Changes in hardness and resilience of i\u2010gel\n                    <scp>\n                      <sup>TM<\/sup>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    cuffs with temperature: a benchtop study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Dingley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University College of Medicine Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University College of Medicine Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Allender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Technology Department of Healthcare and Food Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Technology Department of Healthcare and Food Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Centre for Burns ABM University Health Board Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.05898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes314"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2006.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181a4c6b9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-015-0100-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.105798"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6148.1000173"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"176","article-title":"Comparison of i\u2010gel\u2122, LMA Proseal\u2122 and LMA Classic\u2122 in spontaneously breathing pediatric patients","volume":"20","author":"Dwivedi Y","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.155153"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","article-title":"Comparison of I\u2010gel\u2122 and LMA\u2010Supreme\u2122 with respect to ease of insertion, sealing airway pressure and postoperative throat complaints","volume":"34","author":"Abdullah MZ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Internet Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22201173.2013.10872907"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Is i\u2010gel a new revolution among supraglottic airway devices? A comparative evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Jindal P","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2010.06534.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Nurse Anesthesia forum.Anaesthesia equipment 2012.http:\/\/www.nurse-anesthesia.org\/archive\/index.php\/t-15423.html(accessed 01\/01\/2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"REAL First Aid Ltd.Laryngeal airways 2017.http:\/\/www.realfirstaid.co.uk\/laryngeal-airways\/(accessed 01\/01\/2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2014.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"e006653","article-title":"Does prewarming the i\u2010gel supraglottic airway device fit the larynx better compared to keeping it at room temperature for non\u2010paralysed, sedated patients: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Komasawa N","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1912.0104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.002647"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46419-9_36"}],"container-title":["Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fanae.14300","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/anae.14300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T01:10:04Z","timestamp":1761700204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/anae.14300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/anae.14300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anae.14300","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2409","1365-2044"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2409","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2044","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}