{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T12:33:47Z","timestamp":1781267627147,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]],"date-time":"2019-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The use of fluid\u2010warming systems is recommended for infusion rates &gt;\u00a0500\u00a0ml.h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    to avoid peri\u2010operative hypothermia. Some fluid\u2010warming devices use disposable aluminium\u2010heated plates for heat transfer, but there is no protective coating to separate the fluid from the heated aluminium surface. It is unknown if this could promote release of aluminium into infusion fluids. We investigated a coated (Fluido compact) and an uncoated (enFlow) fluid\u2010warming device using normal saline or balanced electrolyte solution as infusion fluids, pumped through the heated disposables at flow rates of 2, 4 and 8\u00a0ml.min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for 60\u00a0min each. Aluminium concentrations in the fluid samples were analysed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. With saline the coated and uncoated devices yielded aluminium concentrations below the level of quantification (&lt;\u00a0128\u00a0\u03bcg.l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Similarly, balanced electrolyte solution in the coated device yielded aluminium concentrations &lt;\u00a0128\u00a0\u03bcg.l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . However, balanced electrolyte solution in the uncoated device yielded aluminium concentrations of up to 6794 (3465\u20138002 [1868\u20137421]) \u03bcg.l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Repeating this last study at a flow rate of 2\u00a0ml.min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    resulted in quite high aluminium concentrations when the uncoated device was not heated (~1000\u00a0\u03bcg.l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and higher concentrations after the device was heated. We conclude that using uncoated aluminium plates in fluid\u2010warming systems can lead to a risk of administering potentially harmful concentrations of aluminium when balanced crystalloid solutions are used. The mechanism is unclear, but heat is in part involved. Coating for aluminium within medical devices in direct contact with infusion fluids should be recommended.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]],"date-time":"2019-02-21T23:49:34Z","timestamp":1550792974000},"page":"708-713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Aluminium release by coated and uncoated fluid\u2010warming devices"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Perl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery University Medical Center Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kunze\u2010Szikszay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Br\u00e4uer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Quintel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. L.","family":"R\u00f6hrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry Departments of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry University Duisburg\u2010Essen Duisburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kerpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry Departments of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry University Duisburg\u2010Essen Duisburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Telgheder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry Departments of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry University Duisburg\u2010Essen Duisburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"NICE: Hypothermia: prevention and management in adults having surgery.Clinical guideline [CG65]. 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