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Menstrual loss, abnormal uterine bleeding and pregnancy put women at risk of developing iron deficiency which can result in severe fatigue, reduced exercise capacity and poor work performance. Iron deficiency and anaemia during pregnancy are associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including neurocognitive deficits in children born to iron\u2010deficient mothers. Both iron deficiency and anaemia are common in women undergoing surgery but their association with poor outcomes remains uncertain. The enduring burden of iron deficiency and anaemia in women suggests that current strategies for recognition, prevention and treatment are limited in their utility. Improvements in our understanding of iron homeostasis and the development of new iron preparations, which are better absorbed with fewer side\u2010effects, may improve therapeutic effectiveness of oral iron. Intravenous iron is efficacious for correcting anaemia rapidly but high\u2010quality data on patient\u2010centred outcomes and cost\u2010effectiveness are currently lacking. Many recommendations for the treatment of iron deficiency and anaemia in national guidelines are not supported by high\u2010quality evidence. There is a need for robust epidemiological data and well\u2010designed clinical trials. The latter will require collaborative working between researchers and patients to design studies in ways that incorporate patients\u2019 perspectives on the research process and target outcomes that matter to them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T01:04:03Z","timestamp":1615165443000},"page":"84-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["The effect of iron deficiency and anaemia on women\u2019s health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3900-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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