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As interest in this area has grown, there has been more primary research into both the incidence and severity of pain. We aimed to synthesise all available evidence to evaluate the rate, features and severity of chronic postsurgical pain following caesarean delivery and whether it has changed over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain at 3, 6 and 12\u2009months after caesarean delivery and its characteristics, such as intensity and neuropathic pain. We also performed subgroup analyses based on study design quality, year of publication, country income and use of intrathecal morphine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 48 studies were included in the meta\u2010analysis. The pooled incidence of chronic postsurgical pain was 15.2% (95%CI 12.2\u201318.6%, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200994%) at 3\u2009months, 9.5% (95%CI 7.0\u201312.8%, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200993%) at 6\u2009months and 5.0% (95%CI 2.7\u20139.1%, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200996%) at 12\u2009months after caesarean delivery. Subgroup analyses showed a lower incidence of chronic pain in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries than in high\u2010income countries at 6 (6.8% vs. 12.3%, p\u2009=\u20090.028) and 12\u2009months (1.3% vs. 7.6%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but the incidence did not differ significantly in other subgroups. Most women with chronic pain had mild or moderate pain, and some had a neuropathic pain component.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of chronic postsurgical pain after caesarean delivery falls between 3 and 12\u2009months, appears to be stable over time and appears to be lower in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries than in high\u2010income countries. Future studies should consider using a consensus definition of chronic pain and assessment methods to reduce heterogeneity between studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:58:39Z","timestamp":1741755519000},"page":"834-845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Incidence of chronic postsurgical pain after caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li\u2010Zhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology Jiaxing Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women and Children Hospital of Jiaxing University  Jiaxing Zhejiang 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