{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T03:40:22Z","timestamp":1792381222892,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesthesia"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interventional procedures are commonly used to diagnose and treat chronic pain of spinal origin but guidance on: their indications; frequency; technical conduct; requirements for image guidance; outcome measurement; and management of complications is lacking. These guidelines were developed by a Canadian group of clinicians, researchers, patient partners and representatives from provincial healthcare regulatory and funding bodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reviews of published literature were undertaken for commonly performed spinal procedures for pain, and the evidence was synthesised qualitatively. Evidence\u2010based recommendations for each procedure were graded on a scale from A (strongest level) to D (not recommended), or as insufficient (I), using US Preventive Services Task Force criteria with the level of certainty rated as high, medium or low. All consensus recommendations required at least 75% agreement among the guideline panel. Good clinical practice statements were also developed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provide 15 key recommendations. The guidelines provide clinical practice recommendations and good clinical practice statements for procedures targeting chronic pain originating from the cervical, lumbar spine and sacroiliac joints. Clinical indications, evidence for efficacy and suggested frequency for repeated procedures have also been proposed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These guidelines provide evidence\u2010based recommendations and good clinical practice statements for performing diagnostic and therapeutic spinal interventions for chronic pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.70440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T03:00:32Z","timestamp":1792378832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Canadian evidence\u2010based guidelines on spinal procedures for chronic pain"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6292-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuj","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine University Health Network \u2013 Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine University Health Network \u2013 Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsha","family":"Shanthanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia McMaster University  Hamilton ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmine","family":"Hoydonckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology Cleveland Clinic and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Meir Medical Centre Kfar Saba, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Alomari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management University Health Network \u2013 Toronto Western Hospital  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarvit","family":"Worravitudomsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Management Research Unit, Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Rekatsina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Gilron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, School of Policy Studies Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital  Kingston ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea\u00a0D.","family":"Furlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute University Health Network  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael G. 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