{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:40:44Z","timestamp":1789749644684,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India","award":["SR\/SO\/AS-66\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/SO\/AS-66\/2010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>) is a common pathogen in epididymitis, which represents a prevalent entity in male reproductive tract infections (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RTI<\/jats:styled-content>). Although current treatment regimens using antibiotics are satisfactory, development of antimicrobial resistance by the pathogen represents a challenge in the management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RTI<\/jats:styled-content>. Hence, identification of antimicrobial peptides as alternatives to antibiotics has gained importance. We demonstrate that in a rat epididymo\u2010orchitis model induced with uropathogenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UPEC<\/jats:styled-content>) strain <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTCC<\/jats:styled-content> 729, the expression of defensins and defensin\u2010like <jats:italic>Spag11<\/jats:italic> genes are induced in the epididymis and testes. The induction of antimicrobial gene expression is paralleled by phosphorylation of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kB<\/jats:styled-content> subunit p65 and the inhibitor of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NF<\/jats:styled-content>kB (IkB\u2010alpha), decreased levels of histone deacetylase 1 and increased methylation of Histone 3, indicating the role of classical Toll\u2010like receptor mediated signaling and epigenetic regulation. Recombinant Defensin 21, when administered to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UPEC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected rats, substantially reduced the bacterial load in the epididymis and testis and proved to be more effective than gentamycin. The ability of Defensin 21 to limit <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RTI<\/jats:styled-content> provides support that antibacterial proteins of the male reproductive tract may be used as potential alternatives to antibiotics in treatment of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T17:38:07Z","timestamp":1423762687000},"page":"368-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> (<scp>UPEC<\/scp>) induced antimicrobial gene expression in the male reproductive tract of rat: evaluation of the potential of Defensin 21 to limit infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bhushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Justus\u2010Liebig\u2010University Giessen Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Rajesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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