{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T17:55:18Z","timestamp":1775757318895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]],"date-time":"2017-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, the cohort of men from the European Male Ageing Study has been stratified into different categories distinguishing primary, secondary and compensated hypogonadism. A similar classification has not yet been applied to the infertile population. We performed a cross\u2010sectional study enrolling 786 consecutive Caucasian\u2010European infertile men segregated into eugonadal [normal serum total testosterone (\u22653.03\u00a0ng\/mL) and normal luteinizing hormone (\u22649.4\u00a0mU\/mL)], secondary (low total testosterone, low\/normal luteinizing hormone), primary (low total testosterone, elevated luteinizing hormone) and compensated hypogonadism (normal total testosterone; elevated luteinizing hormone). In this cross\u2010sectional study, logistic regression models tested the association between semen parameters, clinical characteristics and the defined gonadal status. Eugonadism, secondary, primary and compensated hypogonadism were found in 80, 15, 2, and 3% of men respectively. Secondary hypogonadal men were at highest risk for obesity [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>): 3.48 (1.98\u20136.01)]. Primary hypogonadal men were those at highest risk for azoospermia [24.54 (6.39\u2013161.39)] and testicular volume &lt;15\u00a0mL [12.80 (3.40\u201383.26)]. Compensated had a similar profile to primary hypogonadal men, while their risk of azoospermia [5.31 (2.25\u201313.10)] and small testicular volume [8.04 (3.17\u201324.66)] was lower. The risk of small testicular volume [1.52 (1.01\u20132.33)] and azoospermia [1.76 (1.09\u20132.82)] was increased, although in a milder fashion, in secondary hypogonadal men as well. Overall, primary and compensated hypogonadism depicted the worst clinical picture in terms of impaired fertility. Although not specifically designed for infertile men, European Male Ageing Study categories might serve as a clinical stratification tool even in this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T16:09:09Z","timestamp":1492531749000},"page":"505-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Primary, secondary and compensated hypogonadism: a novel risk stratification for infertile men"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Ventimiglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Oncology\/Unit of Urology URI IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Milan Italy"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ippolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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