{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T19:36:27Z","timestamp":1773776187216,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016R1A2B2010087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1A2B2010087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Penile erection is a neurovascular phenomenon that requires well coordinated and functional interaction between penile vascular and nervous systems. In order to provide a useful tool to examine pathologic changes in the erectile tissue, mainly focusing on penile neurovascular dysfunction, we established the technique to determine the differential distribution of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and nerve fibers in the mouse penis using immunohistochemical staining with three\u2010dimensional reconstruction. Immunofluorescent staining of penile tissue was performed with antibodies against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>31 (an endothelial cell marker), smooth muscle \u03b1 \u2010actin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMA<\/jats:styled-content>, a smooth muscle cell marker), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NG<\/jats:styled-content>2 (a pericyte marker), or \u03b2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010tubulin (a neuronal marker). We reconstructed three\u2010dimensional images of penile vascular or neurovascular system from stacks of two\u2010dimensional images, which allows volume rendering and provides reliable anatomic information. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>31\u2010positive endothelial cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive smooth muscle cells, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NG<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010positive pericytes were evenly distributed and composed sinusoidal or venous wall. However, the endothelial layer of the cavernous artery or dorsal artery was mainly covered with smooth muscle cells and rarely associated with pericytes. The reconstructed three\u2010dimensional images clearly visualized typical wavy appearance of nerve fibers that evenly innervate to cavernous sinusoids, cavernous artery, dorsal vein, and dorsal artery. We observed a significant decrease in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>31\u2010positive endothelial cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NG<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010positive pericytes, and \u03b2<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010tubulin\u2010positive nerve fibers in the penis of diabetic mice compared with those in normal condition. Our protocol for immunofluorescent staining with three\u2010dimensional reconstruction will allow a better understanding of the penile neurovascular anatomy and may constitute a standard technique to determine the efficacy of candidate therapeutics targeting therapeutic angiogenesis or neural regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T15:16:51Z","timestamp":1502723811000},"page":"964-970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Penile neurovascular structure revisited: immunohistochemical studies with three\u2010dimensional reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"G. N.","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha University School of Medicine Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.\u2010H.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha University School of Medicine Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.\u2010J.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha University School of Medicine Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Limanjaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha University School of Medicine Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Ghatak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha University School of Medicine Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. N.","family":"Minh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha University School of Medicine Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Ock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha University School of Medicine Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.\u2010M.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha University School of Medicine Incheon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2512-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.\u2010K.","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology Inha 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