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However, growing evidence has shown that highly active antiretroviral therapy has deleterious effects on the testes and the overall reproductive capacity. Therefore, this study is to determine the adjuvant potential of Naringenin on highly active antiretroviral therapy\u2010induced perturbations in fertility of male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats. Thirty adult male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were divided into six groups viz \u2013 Control; H: 30\u00a0mg\/kg of highly active antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EFV<\/jats:styled-content>, 600\u00a0mg +<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FTC<\/jats:styled-content>, 200\u00a0mg +<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDF<\/jats:styled-content>, 300\u00a0mg); N40: Naringenin, 40\u00a0mg\/kg; N80: Naringenin, 80\u00a0mg\/kg;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>40: highly active antiretroviral therapy + Naringenin, 40\u00a0mg\/kg;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>80: highly active antiretroviral therapy + Naringenin, 80\u00a0mg\/kg. The rats were euthanized after 4\u00a0weeks. Results showed that there was a significant decrease in sperm count (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001), spermatozoa with normal morphology (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) and progressive sperm motility (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) of H compared to the control and the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>groups. Likewise, fragmentations increased (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) in tail lengths of sperm<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>in H compared to control.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>40 and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>80 decreased tail lengths compared to H (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). There was also a decrease in %tail<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>and tail moment in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>40 (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) compared to H. Luteinizing hormone significantly increased (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>40,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>80, and N40 (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) but decreased in H (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) compared to control. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules also decreased (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) in H compared to control, N80, and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>40. Likewise, the area of the seminiferous tubules in group H decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) compared to N80 and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>80. The seminiferous tubules epithelium increased (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) in N40 and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HN<\/jats:styled-content>40 compared to H. This study establishes that highly active antiretroviral therapy has deleterious effects on the testicular microanatomy, sperm parameters, and sperm<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content>of Sprague\u2010Dawley rats, which may impair fertility but Naringenin is a potential complimentary adjuvant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T22:07:04Z","timestamp":1511820424000},"page":"166-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Naringenin attenuates highly active antiretroviral therapy\u2010induced sperm<scp>DNA<\/scp>fragmentations and testicular toxicity in Sprague\u2010Dawley rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"M. 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