{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:31:54Z","timestamp":1767850314087,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1510790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ex\u201060% \u20102015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ex\u201060% \u20102015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oestrogen targeting in the human genital ducts is still not well\u2010known. In fact, to date, the localization of oestrogen receptors, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>2, is controversial and the presence of the membrane oestrogen receptor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPER<\/jats:styled-content> (G protein\u2010coupled oestrogen receptor) is unexplored. This study has investigated the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPER<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> ESR<\/jats:styled-content>1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>2 in human ductuli efferentes and proximal caput epididymis by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the presence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PELP<\/jats:styled-content>1 (proline\u2013glutamic acid\u2013leucine\u2010rich protein 1), a co\u2010regulator of the oestrogen receptors, was also evaluated. In ductuli efferentes, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPER<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>1 were clearly localized in all epithelial cells, while <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>2 was evidenced only in ciliated cells. Conversely, the epithelial cells of proximal caput epididymis revealed moderate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPER<\/jats:styled-content> immunoreactivity, the absence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERS<\/jats:styled-content>1 and the occasional presence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>2. Furthermore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PELP<\/jats:styled-content>1 was observed in ciliated cells of ductuli efferentes and in principal cells of proximal caput epididymis. Therefore, this study firstly demonstrated the expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPER<\/jats:styled-content> in human male genital ducts, revealing a new mediator of oestrogen action in these anatomical sites. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>2 were differentially localized in the two genital tracts together with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PELP<\/jats:styled-content>1, but cell sites of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ER<\/jats:styled-content>s and their co\u2010regulator were not homogeneous. So, a different regional\/cellular association of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPER<\/jats:styled-content> with the classical oestrogen receptors was highlighted, suggesting that oestrogen action could be mediated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPER<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> ESR<\/jats:styled-content>1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>2 in ductuli efferentes, while by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPER<\/jats:styled-content> and, occasionally by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESR<\/jats:styled-content>2, in proximal caput epididymis. This study suggests that the specific oestrogen\u2010mediated functions in human genital ducts might result from the different local interactions of oestrogens with oestrogen receptors and their co\u2010regulators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T22:58:34Z","timestamp":1510873114000},"page":"192-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Expression of oestrogen receptors (<scp>GPER<\/scp>,<scp> ESR<\/scp>1, <scp>ESR<\/scp>2) in human ductuli efferentes and proximal epididymis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3971-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Rago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition University of Calabria Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza 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