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This observation brought us to hypothesize that insulin\u2010like growth factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>) receptor (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1R<\/jats:italic>), mapping on the 15q 26.3 chromosomal band, may be involved in testicular function. To further evaluate this topic, we reviewed in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo studies exploring the role of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content> system [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1R, insulin receptor substrates (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IRS<\/jats:styled-content>)] at the testicular level both in animals and in humans. In animals, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1R has been found to be involved in testicular development during embryogenesis, in Sertoli cell (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content>) proliferation, and in germ cell (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GS<\/jats:styled-content>) proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1R seems to mediate follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FSH<\/jats:styled-content>) effects through the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>3K\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AKT<\/jats:styled-content> pathway. In humans, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1 directly increases testicular volume. The molecular pathways responsible for testicular differentiation and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1R signaling are highly conserved among species; therefore, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content> system may be involved in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FSH<\/jats:styled-content> signaling also in humans. We suggest a possible molecular pathway occurring in human <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content>s, which involves both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FSH<\/jats:styled-content> through the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>3K\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AKT<\/jats:styled-content> pathway. The acknowledgment of an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGF<\/jats:styled-content>1 mediation of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FSH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced effects may open new ways for a targeted therapy in idiopathic non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FSH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010responder oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T20:06:15Z","timestamp":1512158775000},"page":"3-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Effects of the insulin\u2010like growth factor system on testicular differentiation and function: a review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Cannarella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Catania Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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