{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:12:07Z","timestamp":1789621927883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Membrane cholesterol removal appears a key step for the gain of fertility potential during sperm maturation. However, the membrane sterol pattern in sperm cells from infertile patients, with impaired sperm parameters, has been poorly investigated. To elucidate a causative link between sperm membrane composition in male fertility, here we have investigated the levels of cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives 7\u03b2\u2010hydroxycholesterol and 7\u2010keto\u2010cholesterol in sixteen infertile patients with oligo\u2010asthenozoospermia and 16 normozoospermic (N) fertile subjects. Furthermore, ten of 16\u00a0N fertile subjects agreed to receive a defined testicular thermal challenge by adhering to a programme of sauna sessions for 1\u00a0month. Semen samples were obtained from each of the participants, and sperm parameters were assessed according to the World Health Organization criteria. Sperm levels of cholesterol, 7\u03b2\u2010hydroxycholesterol and 7\u2010keto\u2010cholesterol were quantified by ultra\u2010pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The results showed that oligo\u2010asthenozoospermia patients had a huge amount of cholesterol content compared with fertile subjects (12.40\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.05\u00a0\u03bcg\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> cells vs. 0.45\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.28\u00a0\u03bcg\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> cells, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, N and oligo\u2010asthenozoospermia, respectively). Also, oxidized derivatives were significantly higher in oligo\u2010asthenozoospermia patients (7\u03b2\u2010hydroxycholesterol: 1.96\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.03\u00a0ng\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> cells vs. 0.075\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.05\u00a0ng\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> cells, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 and 7\u2010keto\u2010cholesterol: 1.11\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.72\u00a0ng\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> cells vs. 0.005\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.003\u00a0ng\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> cells, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Moreover, sauna exposure, in parallel with a progressive worsening of sperm motility parameters, was associated with a reversible increase in sperm cholesterol after the third and fourth week of treatment, whilst 7\u03b2\u2010hydroxycholesterol and 7\u2010keto\u2010cholesterol levels showed an earlier enhancement starting from the second week. Our data show for the first time in humans a strong difference in the cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives of infertile and fertile subjects. These findings suggest a strict biochemical link relating testis function, sperm membrane status and male fertility potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T02:07:35Z","timestamp":1517278055000},"page":"325-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Impaired sperm function in infertile men relies on the membrane sterol pattern"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Garolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"\u0160abovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology IOV\u2010IRCCS Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Tescari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacological Sciences Laboratory of Protein Chemistry School of Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"De Toni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Menegazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Cosci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"De Filippis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacological Sciences Laboratory of Protein Chemistry School of Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Giarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Platforms University of Verona Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6576-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Foresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine University of Padova Padova 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