{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:08:07Z","timestamp":1790352487406,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,5]],"date-time":"2018-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016A030310142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016A030310142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low\u2010intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESWT<\/jats:styled-content>) has been introduced as a treatment for penile diseases. Its impact on testicular function during treatment remains unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To clarify whether Li\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESWT<\/jats:styled-content> impairs testicular function during the treatment of penile diseases by investigating the impact of Li\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESWT<\/jats:styled-content> on testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis in adult rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were equally divided into the following three groups: control group, 1.6 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAR<\/jats:styled-content> group, and 3.2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAR<\/jats:styled-content> group. Rats in the experimental groups were treated with Li\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESWT<\/jats:styled-content> at different energy levels (300 shocks at 1.6 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAR<\/jats:styled-content> or 3.2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAR<\/jats:styled-content>, 2\u00a0Hz frequency) three times a week for 3\u00a0weeks. The control group did not receive any treatment during the same period of time. One day after the last shock wave treatment, serum and testicular tissue testosterone concentrations were measured, and sperm quality was assayed. Histologic examination of the testes and quantitative real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Testosterone levels in both the serum and testicular tissue did not change after Li\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESWT<\/jats:styled-content> exposure. The expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (St<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content>), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side\u2010chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and 3\u03b2\u2010hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3\u03b2\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSD<\/jats:styled-content>)) were not impacted by Li\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESWT<\/jats:styled-content>. The 3.2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAR<\/jats:styled-content> group showed a significantly lower sperm count and lower expression of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SYCP<\/jats:styled-content>3) in testicular tissue than the control group. No significant differences in sperm quality or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SYCP<\/jats:styled-content>3 expression were observed between the control group and the 1.6 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAR<\/jats:styled-content> group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Li\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESWT<\/jats:styled-content> exposure at 3.2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BAR<\/jats:styled-content> inhibited spermatogenesis and decreased sperm quality, which indicated that male patients with a desire to preserve fertility should undergo low\u2010energy Li\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ESWT<\/jats:styled-content> or other treatment modalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T07:37:45Z","timestamp":1533627465000},"page":"936-942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The impact of low\u2010intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy on testicular function in adult rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4596-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z.\u2010J.","family":"Zang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell\u2010gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen 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